A LAW DICTIONARY

ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION

With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law

by John Bouvier

Ignoratis terminis ignoratur et ars. - Co. Litt. 2 a.

Je sais que chaque science et chaque art a ses termes

propres, inconnu au commun des hommes. - Fleury

SIXTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED.

VOL. I.

___________________________

PHILADELPHIA - CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET

1856

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, BY ELIZA BOUVIER and ROBERT E. PETERSON, Trustees, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Deacon & Peterson, Printers

66 South Third Street.

TO THE HONORABLE

JOSEPH STORY, L L.D.,

One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States

THIS WORK is WITH HIS PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

AS A TOKEN OF GREAT REGARD ENTERTAINED FOR HIS TALENTS, LEARNING, AND CHARACTER,

BY THE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION

Encouraged by the success of this work, the author has endeavored to render this edition as perfect as it was possible for him to make it. He has remoulded very many of the articles contained in the former editions, and added upwards of twelve hundred new ones.

To render the work as useful as possible, he has added a very copius index to the whole, which, at the same time that it will assist the inquirer, will exhibit the great number of subjects treated in these volumes.

As Kelham's Law Dictionary has been published in this city, and can be had by those who desire to possess it, that work has not been added as an appendix to this edition.

Philadelphia, November, 1848.

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THE FOUTH EDITION

Since the publication of the last edition of this work, its author, sincerely devvoted to the advancement of his profession, has given to the world his Institutes of American Law, in 4 vols. Svo. Always endeavoring to render his Dictionary as perfect as possible, he was constantly revising it; and whenever he met with an article which he had omitted, he immediately prepared it for a new edition. After the completion of his Institutes, in September last, laboring to severely, he fell a victim to his zeal, and died on the 18th of November, 1851, at the age of sixty-four.

In preparing this edition, not only has the matter left by its author been made use of, but additional matter has been added, so that the present will contain nearly one-third more than the last edition. Under one head, that of Maxims, nearly thriteen hundred new articles have been added. The book has been carefully examined, a great portion of it by two members of the bar, in order that it mught be purged, as far as possible, from all errors of every description. The various changes in the constitutions of the states made since the last edition, have been noticed, so far as was compatible with this work; and every effort made to render it as perfect as a work of the kind would permit, in order that it might still sustain the reputation given to it by a Dublin barrister, "of being a work of a most elaborate character, as compared with English works of a similar nature, and one which should be in every library."

That it may still continue to receive the approbation of the Bench and Bar of the United States, is the sincere desire of the widow and daughter of its author.

PREFACE

To the difficulties which the author experienced on his admission to the bar, the present publication is to be attributed. His endeavours to get forward in his profession were constantly obstructed, and his efforts for a long time frustrated, for want of that knowledge which his elder brethren of the bar seemed to possess. To find among the reports and the various treatises on the law the object of his inquiry, was a difficult task; he was in a labyrinth without a guide: and much of the time which was spent in finding his way out, might, with the friendly assistance of one who was acquainted with the construction of the edifice, have been saved, and more profitably employed. He applied to law dictionaries and digests within his reach, in the hope of being directed to the source whence they derived their learning, but be was too often disappointed; they seldom pointed out the authorities where the object of his inquiry might be found. It is true such works contain a great mass of information, but from the manner in which they have been compiled, they sometimes embarrassed him more than if he had not consulted them. They were written for another country, possessing laws different from our own, and it became a question how far they were or were not applicable here. Besides, most of the matter in the English law dictionaries will be found to have been written while the feudal law was in its full vigor, and not fitted to the present times, nor calculated for present use, even in England. And there is a great portion which, though useful to an [vii] English lawyer, is almost useless to the American student. What, for example, have we to do with those laws of Great Britain which relate to the person of their king, their nobility, their clergy, their navy, their army; with their game laws; their local statutes, such as regulate their banks, their canals, their exchequer, their marriages, their births, their burials, their beer and ale houses, and a variety of similar subjects ?

The most modern law dictionaries are compilations from the more ancient, with some modifications and alterations and, in many instances, they are servile copies, without the slightest alteration. In the mean time the law has undergone a great change. Formerly the principal object of the law seemed to be to regulate real property, in all its various artificial modifications, while little or no attention was bestowed upon the rules which govern personal property and rights. The mercantile law has since arisen, like a bright pyramid, amid the gloom of the feudal law, and is now far more important in practice, than that which refers to real estate. The law of real property, too, has changed, particularly in this country.

The English law dictionaries would be very unsatisfactory guides, even in pointing out where the laws relating to the acquisition and transfer of real estate, or the laws of descent in the United States, are to be found. And the student who seeks to find in the Dictionaries of Cowel, Manly, Jacobs, Tomlins, Cunningham, Burn, Montefiore, Pott, Whishaw, Williams, the Termes de Ley, or any similar compilation, any satisfactory account in relation to international law, to trade and commerce, to maritime law, to medical jurisprudence, or to natural law, will probably not be fully gratified. He cannot, of course, expect to find in them anything in relation to our government, our constitutions, or our political or civil institutions.[viii]

It occurred to the author that a law dictioinary, written entirely anew, and calculated to remedy those defects, would be useful to the profession. Probably overrating his strength, he resolved to undertake the task, and if he should not fully succeed, he will have the consolation to know, that his effort may induce some more gifted individual, and better qualified by his learning, to undertake such a task, and to render the American bar an important service. Upon an examination of the constitution and laws of the United States, and of the several states of the American Union, he perceived many technical expressions and much valuable information which he would be able to incorporate in his work. Many of these laws,although local in their nature, will be found useful to every lawyer, particularly those engaged in mercantile practice. As instances of such laws the reader is referred to the articles Acknowledgment, Descent, Divorce, Letters of Administration, and Limitatio. It is within the plan of this work to explain such technical expressions as relate to the legislative, executive, or judicial departments of the government; the political and the civil rights and duties of the citizens; the rights and duties of persons, particularly such as are peculiar to our institutions, as, the rights of descent and administration; of the mode of acquiring and transferring property; to the criminal law, and its administration. It has also been an object with the author to embody in his work such decisions of the courts as appeared to him to be important, either because they differed from former judgments, or because they related to some point which was before either obscure or unsettled. He does not profess to have examined or even referred to all the American cases; it is a part of the plan, however, to refer to authorities, generally, which will lead the student to nearly all the cases.

The author was induced to believe, that an occasional comparison of the civil, canon, and other systems of foreign law, with our own,[ix] would be useful to the profession, and illustrate many articles which, without such aid, would not appear very clear; and also to introduce many terms from foreign laws, which may supply a deficiency in ours. The articles Condonation, Extradition, and Novation, are of this sort. He was induced to adopt this course because the civil law has been considered, perhaps not without justice, the best system of written reason, and as all laws are or ought to be founded in reason, it seemed peculiarly proper to have recourse to this fountain of wisdom: but another motive influenced this decision; one of the states of the Union derives most of its civil regulations from the civil law; and there seemed a peculiar propriety, therefore, in introducing it into an American law dictionary. He also had the example of a Story, a Kent, Mr. Angell, and others, who have ornamented their works from the same source. And he here takes the opportunity to acknowledge the benefits which he has derived from the learned labors of these gentlemen, and of those of Judge Sergeant, Judge Swift, Judge Gould, Mr. Rawle, and other writers on American law and jurisprudence.

In the execution of his plan, the author has, in the first place, defined and explained the various words and phrases, by giving their most enlarged meaning, and then all the shades of signification of which they are susceptible; secondly, he has divided the subject in the manner which to him appeared the most natural, and laid down such principles and rules as belong to it; in these cases he has generally been careful to give an illustration, by citing a case whenever the subject seemed to require it, and referring to others supporting the same point; thirdly, whenever the article admitted of it, he has compared it with the laws of other countries within his reach, and pointed out their concord or disagreement; and, fourthly, he has referred to the authorities, the abridgments, digests, and the [x] ancient and modem treatises, where the subject is to be found, in order to facilitate the researches of the student. He desires not to be understood as professing to cite cases always exactly in point; on the contrary, in many instances the authorities will probably be found to be but distantly connected with the subject under examination, but still connected with it, and they have been added in order to lead the student to matter of which he may possibly be in pursuit.

To those who are aware of the difficulties of the task, the author deems it unnecessary to make any apology for the imperfections which may be found in the work. His object has been to be useful; if that has been accomplished in any degree, he will be amply rewarded for his labor; and he relies upon the generous liberality of the members of the profession to overlook the errors which may have been committed in his endeavors to serve them.

PHILADELPHIA, September, 1839.

A LAW DICTIONARY

A, the first letter of the English and most other alphabets, is frequently used as an abbreviation, (q. v.) and also in the marks of schedules or papers, as schedule A, B, C, &c. Among the Romans this letter was used in criminal trials. The judges were furnished with small tables covered with wax, and each one inscribed on it the initial letter of his vote; A, when he voted to absolve the party on trial; C, when he was for condemnation; and N L, (non liquet) when the matter did not appear clearly, and be desired a new argument.

A MENSA ET THORO, from bed and board. A divorce a mensa et thoro, is rather a separation of the parties by act of law, than a dissolution of the marriage. It may be granted for the causes of extreme cruelty or desertion of the wife by the hushand. 2 Eccl. Rep. 208. This kind of divorce does not affect the legitimacy of children, nor authorize a second marriage. V. A vinculo matrimonii; Cruelty Divorce.

A PRENDRE, French, to take, to seize, in contracts, as profits a prendre. Ham. N. P. 184; or a right to take something out of the soil. 5 Ad. & Ell. 764; 1 N. & P. 172 it differs from a right of way, which is simply an easement or interest which confers no interest in the land. 5 B. & C. 221.

A QUO, A Latin phrases which signifies from which; example, in the computation of time, the day a quo is not to be counted, but the day ad quem is always included. 13 Toull. n. 52 ; 2 Duv. n. 22. A court a quo, the court from which an appeal has been taken; a judge a quo is a judge of a court below. 6 Mart. Lo. R. 520; 1 Har. Cond. L. R. 501. See Ad quem.

A RENDRE, French, to render, to yield, contracts. Profits a rendre; under this term are comprehended rents and services. Ham N. P. 192.

A VINCULO MATRIMONII, from the bond of marriage. A marriage may be dissolved a vinculo, in many states, as in Pennsylvania, on the ground of canonical disabilities before marriage, as that one of the parties was legally married to a person who was then living; impotence, (q. v.,) and the like adultery cruelty and malicious desertion for two years or more. In New York a sentence of imprisonment for life is also a ground for a divorce a vinculo. When the marriage is dissolved a vinculo, the parties may marry again but when the cause is adultery, the guilty party cannot marry his or her paramour.

AB INITIO, from the beginning.

2. When a man enters upon lands or into the house of another by authority of law, and afterwards abuses that authority, he becomes a trespasser ab initio. Bac. Ab. Trespass, B.; 8 Coke, 146 2 Bl. Rep. 1218 Clayt. 44. And if an officer neglect to remove goods attached within a reasonable time and continue in possession, his entry becomes a trespass ab initio. 2 Bl. Rep. 1218. See also as to other cases, 2 Stra. 717 1 H. Bl. 13 11 East, 395 2 Camp. 115 2 Johns. 191; 10 Johns. 253; ibid. 369.

3. But in case of an authority in fact, to enter, an abuse of such authority will not, in general, subject the party to an action of trespass, Lane, 90 ; Bae. Ab. Trespass, B ; 2 T. It. 166. See generally 1 Chit. PI. 146. 169. 180.

AB INTESTAT. An heir, ab intestat, is one on whom the law casts the inheritance or estate of a person who dies intestate.

AB IRATO, civil law. A Latin phrase, which signifies by a man in anger. It is applied to bequests or gifts, which a man makes adverse to the interest of his heir, in consequence of anger or hatred against him. Thus a devise made under these circumstances is called a testament ab irato. And the suit which the heirs institute to annul this will is called an action ab irato. Merlin, Repert. mots Ab irato.

ABANDONMENT, contracts. In the French law, the act by which a debtor surrenders his property for the benefit of his creditors. Merl. Rep. mot Abandonment.

ABANDONMENT, contracts. In insurances the act by which the insured relinquishes to the assurer all the property to the thing insured.

2.- No particular form is required for an abandonment, nor need it be in writing; but it must be explicit and absolute, and must set forth the reasons upon which it is founded.

3.-It must also be made in reasonable time after the loss.

4.-It is not in every case of loss that the insured can abandon. In the following cases an abandonment may be made: when there is a total loss; when the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, by reason of a peril insured against or if the cargo be so damaged as to be of little or no value; or where the salvage is very high, and further expense be necessary, and the insurer will not engage to bear it or if what is saved is of less value than the freight; or where the damage exceeds one half of the value of the goods insured or where the property is captured, or even detained by an indefinite embargo ; and in cases of a like nature.

5.-The abandonment, when legally made transfers from the insured to the insurer the property in the thing insured, and obliges him to pay to the insured what he promised him by the contract of insurance. 3 Kent, Com. 265; 2 Marsh. Ins. 559 Pard. Dr. Coin. n. 836 et seq. Boulay Paty, Dr. Com. Maritime, tit. 11, tom. 4, p. 215.

ABANDONMENT. In maritime contracts in the civil law, principals are generally held indefinitely responsible for the obligations which their agents have contracted relative to the concern of their commission but with regard to ship owners there is remarkable peculiarity; they are bound by the contract of the master only to the amount of their interest in the ship, and can be discharged from their responsibility by abandoning the ship and freight. Poth. Chartes part. s. 2, art. 3, § 51; Ord. de la Mar. des proprietaires, art. 2; Code de Com. 1. 2, t. 2, art. 216.

ABANDONMENT, lights. The relinquishment of a right; the giving up of something to which we are entitled.

2. - Legal rights, when once vested, must be divested according to law, but equitable rights may be abandoned. 2 Wash. R. 106. See 1 H. & M. 429; a mill site, once occupied, may be abandoned. 17 Mass. 297; an application for land, which is an inception of title, 5 S. & R. 215; 2 S. & R. 378; 1 Yeates, 193, 289; 2 Yeates, 81, 88, 318; an improvement, 1 Yeates, 515 ; 2 Yeates, 476; 5 Binn. 73; 3 S. & R. 319; Jones' Syllabus of Land Office Titles in Pennsylvania, chap. xx; and a trust fund, 3 Yerg. 258 may be abandoned.

3. - The abandonment must be made by the owner without being pressed by any duty, necessity or utility to himself, but simply because he wishes no longer to possess the thing; and further it must be made without any desire that any other person shall acquire the same; for if it were made for a consideration, it would be a sale or barter, and if without consideration, but with an intention that some other person should become the possessor, it would be a gift: and it would still be a gift though the owner might be indifferent as to whom the right should be transferred; for example, he threw money among a crowd with intent that some one should acquire the title to it.

ABANDONMENT for torts, a term used in the civil law. By the Roman law, when the master was sued for the tort of his slave, or the owner for a trespass committed by his animal, he might abandon them to the person injured, and thereby save himself from further responsibility.

2. - Similar provisions have been adopted in Louisiana. It is enacted by the civil code that the master shall be answerable for all the damages occasioned by an offence or quasi offence committed by his slave. He may, however, discharge himself from such responsibility by abandoning the slave to the person injured; in which case such person shall sell such slave at public auction in the usual form; to obtain payment of the damages and costs; and the balance, if any, shall be returned to the master of the slave, who shall be completely discharged, although the price of the slave should not be sufficient to pay the whole amount of the damages and costs; provided that the master shall make abandonment within three days after the judgment awarding such damages, shall have been rendered; provided also that it shall not be proved that the crime or offence was committed by his order, for in such cases the master shall be answerable for all damages resulting therefrom, whatever be the amount, without being admitted to the benefit of abandonment. Art. 180, 181.

3. - The owner of an animal is answerable for the damages he has caused; but if the animal had been lost, or had strayed more than a day, he may discharge himself from this responsibility, by abandoning him to the person who has sustained the injury, except where the master has turned loose a dangerous or noxious animal, for then he must pay for all the harm he has done, without being allowed, to make the abandonment. Ib. art. 2301.

ABANDONMENT, malicious. The act of a hushand or wife, who leaves his or her consort wilfully, and with an intention of causing perpetual separation.

2. - Such abandonment, when it has continued the length of time required by the local statutes, is sufficient cause for a divorce. Vide 1 Hoff. R. 47; Divorce.

ABATEMENT, chancery practice, is a suspension of all proceedings in a suit, from the want of proper parties capable of proceeding therein. It differs from an abatement at law in this, that in the latter the action is in general entirely dead, and cannot be revived, 3 Bl. Com. 168 but in the former, the right to proceed is merely suspended, and may be revived by a bill of revivor. Mitf. Eq. Pl. by Jeremy, 57; Story, Eq. PI. §354.

ABATEMENT, contracts, is a reduction made by the creditor, for the prompt payment of a debt due by the payor or debtor. Wesk. on Ins. 7.

ABATEMENT, merc. law. By this term is understood the deduction sometimes made at the custom-house from the duties chargeable upon goods when they are damaged See Act of Congress, March 2, 1799, s. 52, 1 Story L. U. S. 617.

ABATEMENT, pleading, is the overthrow of an action in consequence of some error committed in bringing or conducting it when the plaintiff is not forever barred from bringing another action. 1 Chit. Pl. 434. Abatement is by plea. There can be no demurrer in abatement. Willes' Rep. 479; Salk. 220.

2. Pleas in abatement will be considered as relating, 1, to the jurisdiction of the court; 2, to the person of the plaintiff; 3, to that of the defendant; 4, to the writ; 5, to the qualities. of such pleas ; 6, to the form of such pleas; 7, to the affidavit of the truth of pleas in abatement.

3. - § 1. As to pleas relating to the jurisdiction of the court, see article Jurisdiction, and Arch. Civ. Pl. 290; 1 Chit. PI. Index. tit, Jurisdiction. There is only one case in which the jurisdiction of the court may be inquired of under the general issue, and that is where no court of the country has jurisdiction of the cause, for in that case no action can be maintained by the law of the land. 3 Mass. Rep. Rea v. Hayden, 1 Dougl. 450; 3 Johns. Rep. 113; 2 Penn. Law Journal 64, Meredith v. Pierie.

4. - § 2. Relating to the person of the plaintiff. 1. The defendant may plead to the person of the plaintiff that there never was any such person in rerum natura. Bro. Brief, 25 ; 19 Johns. 308 Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16. And if one of several plaintiffs be a fictitious person, it abates the writ. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16; 1 Chit. Pl. 435; Arch. Civ. Pl. 304. But a nominal plaintiff in ejectment may sustain an action. 5 Verm. 93; 19 John. 308. As to the rule in Pennsylvania, see 5 Watts, 423.

5. - 2. The defendant. may plead that the plaintiff is a feme covert. Co. Lit. 132, b.; or that she is his own wife. 1 Brown. Ent. 63; and see 3 T. R. 631; 6 T. R. 265; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 6; 1 Chit. Pl. 437; Arch. Civ. Pl. 302. Coverture occurring after suit brought is a plea in abatement which cannot be pleaded after a plea in bar, unless the matter arose after the plea in bar; but in that case the defendant must not suffer a continuance to intervene between the happening of this new matter, or its coming to his knowledge, and pleading it. 4 S & R. 238; Bac. Abr. Abatement, G; 4 Mass. 659; 4 S. & R.

238; 1 Bailey, 369; 4 Vern. 545; 2 Wheat. 111; 14 Mass. 295 ; 1 Blackf. 288 ; 2 Bailey, 349. See 10 S. & R. 208; 7 Verm. 508; 1 Yeates, 185; 2 Dall. 184; 3 Bibb, 246.

6. - 3. That the plaintiff (unless he sue with others as executor) is an infant and has declared by attorney. 1 Chit. Pl. 436; Arch. Civ. Pi. 301; Arch. Pr. B. R. 142 ; 2 Saund. 212, a, n. 5; 1 Went. 58, 62; 7 John. R. 373; 3 N. H. Rep. 345; 8 Pick. 552; and see 7 Mass. 241; 4 Halst. 381 2 N. H. Rep. 487.

7. - 4. A suit brought by a lunatic under guardianship, shall abate. Brayt. 18.

8. - 5. Death of plaintiff before the purchase of the original writ, may be pleaded in abatement. 1 Arch. Civ. PI. 304, 5; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 17. Death of plaintiff pending the writ might have been pleaded since the last continuance, Com. Dig. Abatement, H 32; 4 Hen. & Munf. 410; 3 Mass. 296 ; Cam. & Nor. 72; 4 Hawks, 433; 2 Root, 57; 9 Mass. 422; 4 H. & M. 410; Gilmer, 145; 2 Rand. 454; 2 Greenl. 127. But in some states, as in Pennsylvania, the, death of the plaintiff does not abate the writ; in such case the executor or administrator is substituted. The rule of the common law is, that whenever the death of any party happens, pending the writ, and yet the plea is in the same condition, as if such party were living, then such death makes no alteration; and on this rule all the diversities turn. Gilb. Com. Pleas 242.

9. - 6. Alienage, or that the plaintiff is an alien enemy. Bac. Abr. h.t.; 6 Binn. 241 ; 10 Johns. 183; 9 Mass. 363 ; Id. 377 ; 11 Mass. 119 ; 12 Mass. 8 ; 3 31. & S. 533; 2 John. Ch. R. 508; 15 East, 260; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 4; Id. Alien, C 5; 1 S. & R. 310; 1 Ch. PI. 435; Arch. Civ. PI. 3, 301.

10. - 7. Misnomer of plaintiff may also be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pi. 305; 1 Chitty's Pleading, Index, tit. Misnomer. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 19, E 20, E 21, E 22; l Mass. 75; Bac. Abr. h. t.

11. - 8. If one of several joint tenants, sue in action ex contractu, Co. Lit. 180, b; Bac. Abr. Joint-tenants, K; 1 B. & P. 73; one of several joint contractors, Arch. Civ. PI. 48-51, 53 ; one of several partners, Gow on Part. 150; one of. several joint executors who have proved the will, or even if they have not proved the will, 1 Chit. PI. 12, 13; one of several joint administrators, Ibid. 13; the defendant may plead the non-joinder in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pl. 304; see Com. Dig. Abatement, E 9, E 12, E 13, E 14.

12.-9. If persons join as plaintiffs in an action who should not, the defendant may plead the misjoinder in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 304; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 15.

13. - 10. When the plaintiff is an alleged corporation, and it is intended to contest its existence, the defendant must plead in abatement. Wright, 12; 3 Pick. 236; 1 Mass 485; 1 Pet. 450; 4 Pet. 501; 5 Pet. 231. To a suit brought in the name of the "judges of the county court," after such court has been abolished, the defendant may plead in abatement that there are no such judges. Judges, &c. v. Phillips; 2 Bay, 519.

14. - § 3. Relating to the person of the defendant. 1. In an action against two or more, one may plead in abatement that there never was such a person in rerum natura as A, who is named as defendant with him. Arch. Civ. PI. 312.

15. - 2. If the defendant be a married woman, she may in general plead her coverture in abateraent, 8 T. R. 545 ; Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2. The exceptions to this rule arise when the coverture is suspended. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2, §3; Co. Lit. 132, b; 2 Bl. R. 1197; Co. B. L. 43.

16. - 3. The death of the defendant abates the writ at common law, and in some cases it does still abate the action, see Com. Dig. Abatement, H 34; 1 Hayw. 500; 2 Binn. l.; 1 Gilm. 145; 1 Const. Rep. 83; 4 McCord, 160; 7 Wheat. 530; 1 Watts, 229; 4 Mass. 480; 8 Greenl. 128; In general where the cause of action dies with the person, the suit abates by the death of the defendant before judgment. Vide Actio Personalis moritur cum persona.

17. - 4. The misnomer of the defendant may be pleaded in abatement, but one

defendant cannot plead the misnomer of another. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 18 ; Lutw. 36; 1 Chit. PI. 440; Arch. Civ. PI. 312. See form of a plea in abatement for a misnomer of the defendant in 3 Saund. 209, b., and see further, 1 Show. 394; Carth. 307 ; Comb. 188 ; 1 Lutw. 10 ; 5 T. R. 487 .

18. - 5. When one joint tenant, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 5, or one tenant in common, in cases, where they ought to be joined, Ibid. F 6, is sued alone-he may plead in abatement. And in actions upon contracts if the plaintiff do not sue all the contractors, the defendant may plead the non-joinder in abatement. Ibid. F 8, a; 1 Wash. 9; 18 Johns. 459; 2 Johns. Cas. 382 ; 3 Caines's Rep. 99 ; Arch.. Civ. PI. 309; 1 Chit. PI. 441. When hushand and wife should be sued jointly, and one is sued alone, the non-joinder may be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 309. The non-joinder of all the executors, who have proved the will; and the non-joinder of all the administrators of the deceased, may be pleaded in abatement. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 10.

19. - 6. In a real action if brought against several persons, they may plead several tenancy, that is, that they hold in severalty and not jointly, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 12; or one of them may take the entire tenancy on himself, and pray judgment of the writ. Id. F 13. But mis-joinder of defendant in a personal action is not the subject of a plea in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 68, 310.

20. - 7. In cases where the defendant may plead non-tenure, see Arch. Civ. PI. 310; Cro. El. 559.

21. - 8. Where he may plead a disclaimer, see Arch. Civ. PI. 311; Com.

Dig. Abatement, F 15.

22. - 9. A defendant may plead his privilege of not being sued, in abatement. Bac. Ab. Abridgment C ; see this Dict. tit. Privilege.

23. - § 4. Plea in, abatement of the writ. 1. Pleas in abatement of the writ or a bill are so termed rather from their effect, than from their being strictly such pleas, for as oyer of the writ can no longer be craved, no objection can be taken to matter which is merely contained in the writ, 3 B. & P. 399; 1 B. & P. 645-648; but if a mistake in the writ be carried into the declaration, or rather if the declaration, which is resumed to correspond with the writ or till, be incorrect in respect of some extrinsic matter, it is then open to the defendant to plead in abatement to the writ or bill, 1 B. & P. 648; 10 Mod. 210; and there is no plea to the declaration alone but in bar; 10 Mod. 210 ; 2 Saund. 209, d. 24.-2. Pleas in abatement. of the writ or bill and to the form or to the action. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 1, 17.

25. - 3. Those of the first description were formerly either matter apparent on the face of the ;Writ, Com. Dig. Abatement, H l, or matters dehors. Id. H 17.

26. - 4. Formerly very trifling errors were pleadable in abatement, 1 Lutw. 25; Lilly's Ent. 6 ; 2 Rich. C. P. 5, 8 ; 1 Stra. 556; Ld. Raym. 1541 ; 2 Inst. 668; 2 B. & P. 395.. But as oyer of the writ can no longer be had, an omission in the defendant's declaration of the defendant's addition, which is not necessary to be stated in a declaration, can in no case be pleaded in abatement. 1 Saund. 318, n. 3; 3 B. & B. 395; 7 East, 882.

27. - 5. Pleas in abatement to the formof the writ, are therefore now principally for matters dehors, Com. Dig. Abatement,H 17; Glib. C. P., 51 , existing at the time of suing out the writ, or arising afterwards, such as misnomer of the plaintiff or defendant in Christian or surname.

28. - 6. Pleas in abatement to the action of the writ, and that the action is misconceived, as that it is in case where it ought to have, been in trespass, Com. Dig. Abatement, G 5 ; or that it was prematurely brought, Ibid. Abatement, G 6, and tit. Action E ; but as these matters are grounds of demurrer or nonsuit, it is now very unusual to plead them in abatement. It may also

be pleaded that there ii another action pending. See tit. Autre action pendant. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 24; Bac. Ab. Abatement, M; 1 Chitty's Pi. 443.

29. - § 6. Qualities of pleas in abatement. 1. A writ is divisible, and may be abated in part, and remain good for the residue; and the defendant may plead in abatement to part, and demur or plead in bar to the residue of the declaration. 1 Chit. PI. 444; 2 Saund. 210, n. The general rule is, that whatever proves the writ false at the time of suing it out, shall abate the writ entirely Gilb. C. P. 247 1 Saund. Rep. 286, (n) 7; 2 do. 72, (i)

sub fin.

30. - 2. As these pleas delay the trial of the merits of the action, the greatest accuracy and precision are required in framing them; they should be certain to every intent, and be pleaded without any repugnancy. 3 T. R. 186; Willes, 42 ; 2 Bl. R. 1096 2 Saund. 298, b, n. 1 ; Com. Dig. 1, 11 Co. Lit. 392; Cro. Jac. 82; and must in general give the plaintiff a better writ. This is the true criterion to distinguish a plea in abatement from a plea in bar. 8 T. IR. 615; Bromal. 139; 1 Saund. 274, n. 4 ; 284 n. 4; 2 B. & P. 125 ; 4 T. R. 227 ; 6 East) 600 ; Com. Dig. Abatement, J 1, 2; 1 Day, 28; 3 Mass. 24; 2 Mass. 362; 1 Hayw. 501; 2 Ld. Raym. 1178; 1 East, 634. Great accuracy is also necessary in the form of the plea as to the commencement and conclusion, which is said to make the plea. Latch. 178 ; 2 Saund. 209, c. d; 3 T. R. 186.

31. - § 6. Form of pleas in abatement .1 As to the form of pleas in abatement, see 1 Chit. PI. 447; Com. Dig. Abatement, 1 19; 2 Saund. 1, n. 2.

32. - § 7. Of the affidavit of truth. 1. All pleas in abatement must be sworn to be true, 4 Ann. c. 16, s. 11. The affidavit may be made by the defendant or a third person, Barnes, 344, and must be positive as to the truth of every fact contained in the plea, and should leave nothing to be collected by inference; Sayer's Rep. 293; it should be stated that the plea is true in substance and fact, and not merely that the plea is a true plea. 3 Str. 705, Litt. Ent. 1; 2 Chitt. Pl. 412, 417; 1 Browne's Rep. 77 ; see. 2 Dall. 184; 1 Yeates, 185.

See further on the subject of abatement of actions, Vin. Ab. tit. Abatement; Bac. Abr. tit. Abatement; Nelson's Abr. tit. Abatement; American Dig. tit. Abatement; Story's Pl. 1 to 70; 1 Chit. Pl. 425 to 458; Whart. Dig. tit. Pleading, F. (b.) Penna. Pract. Index, h. t.; Tidd's Pr. Index, h. t.; Arch. Civ. Pl. Index, h. t.; Arch. Pract. Index, h. t. Death; Parties to actions; Plaintiff; Puis darrein continuance.

ABATEMENT OF A FREEHOLD. The entry of a stranger after the death of the ancestor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession, by which the rightful possession of the heir or devisee is defeated. 3 Bl. 1 Com. 167; Co. Lit. 277, a; Finch's Law, 1 195; Arch. Civ. Pl. 11.

2. By the ancient laws of Normandy, this term was used to signify the act of one who, having an apparent right of possession to an estate, took possession of it immediately after the death of the actual possessor, before the heir entered. Howard, Anciennes Lois des Frangais, tome 1, p. 539.

ABATEMENT OF LEGACIES, is the reduction of legacies for the purpose of paying the testator's debts.

2. When the estate is short of paying the debts and legacies, and there are general legacies and specific legacies, the rule is that the general legatees must abate proportionably in order to pay the debts; a specific legacy is not abated unless the general legacies cannot pay all the debts; in that case what remains to be paid must be paid by the specific legatees, who must, where there are several, abate their legacies, proportionably. 2 Bl. Com. 513; 2 Vessen. 561 to 564; 1 P. Wms. 680; 2 P. Wms. 283. See 2 Bro. C. C. 19; Bac.

Abr. Legacies, H; Rop. on Leg. 253, 284.

ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES is the prostration or removal of a nuisance. 3 Bl.

2. - 1. Who may abate a nuisance; 2, the manner of abating it. §1. Who may abate a nuisance. 1. Any person may abate a public nuisance. 2 Salk. 458; 9 Co. 454.

3. - 2. The injured party may abate a private nuisance, which is created by an act of commission, without notice to the person who has committed it; but there is no case which sanctions the abatement by an individual of nuisances from omission, except that of cutting branches of trees which overhang a public road, or the private property of the person who cuts them.

4. - § 2. The manner of abating it. 1. A public nuisance may be abated without notice, 2 Salk. 458; and so may a private nuisance which arises by an act of commission. And, when the security of lives or property may require so speedy a remedy as not to allow time to call on the person on whose property the mischief has arisen to remedy it, an individual would be justified in abating a nuisance from omission without notice. 2 Barn. & Cres. 311; 3

Dowl. & R. 556.

5. - 2. In the abatement of a public nuisance, the abator need not observe particular care in abating it, so as to prevent injury to the materials. And though a gate illegally fastened, might have been opened without cutting it down, yet the cutting would be lawful. However, it is a general rule that the abatement must be limited by its necessity, and no wanton or unnecessary injury must be committed. 2 Salk. 458.

6. - 3. As to private nuisances, it has been held, that if a man in his own soil erect a thing which is a nuisance to another, as by stopping a rivulet, and so diminishing the water used by the latter for his cattle, the party injured may enter on the soil of the other, and abate the nuisance and justify the trespass; and this right of abatement is not confined merely to a house, mill, or land. 2 Smith's Rep. 9; 2 Roll. Abr. 565; 2 Leon. 202; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M. 42; 3 Lev. 92; 1 Brownl. 212; Vin. Ab. Nuisance; 12 Mass. 420; 9 Mass. 316; 4 Conn. 418; 5 Conn. 210; 1 Esp. 679; 3 Taunt. 99; 6 Bing. 379.

7. - 4. The abator of a private nuisance cannot remove the materials further than is necessary, nor convert them to his own use. Dalt. o. 50. And so much only of the thing as causes the nuisance should be removed; as if a house be built too high, so much. only as is too high should be pulled down. 9 Co. 53; God. 221; Str. 686.

8. - 5. If the nuisance can be removed without destruction and delivered to a magistrate, it is advisable to do so; as in the case of a libellous print or paper affecting an individual, but still it may be destroyed 5 Co. 125, b.; 2 Campb. 511. See as to cutting down trees, Roll. Rep. 394; 3 Buls 198; Vin. Ab. tit. Trees, E, and Nuisance W.

ABATOR is, 1st, he who abates or prostrates a nuisance; 2, he who having no right of entry, gets possession of the freehold to the prejudiae of an heir or devisee, after the time when the ancestor died, and before the heir or devisee enters. See article Abatement. Litt. § 897; Perk. § 383; 1 Inst. 271; 2 Prest. Abst. 296. 300. As to the consequences of an abator dying in possession, See Adams' Eject. 43.

ABATUDA, obsolete. Any thing diminished; as, moneta abatuda, which is money clipped or diminished in value. Cowell, h. t.

ABAVUS, civil law, is the great grandfather, or fourth male ascendant. Abavia, is the great grandmother, or fourth female ascendant.

ABBEY, abbatia, is a society of religious persons, having an abbot or abbess to preside over them. Formerly some of the most considerable abbots and priors in England had seats and votes in the house of lords. The prior of St. John's of Jerusalem, was styied the first baron of England, in respect to the lay barons, but he was the last of the spiritual barons.

ABBREVIATION, practice. - The omission of some words or letters in writing; as when fieri facias is written fi. fa.

2. In writing contracts it is the better practice to make no abbreviations; but in recognizances, and many other contracts, they are used; as John Doe tent to prosecute, &c. Richard Roe tent to appear, &c. when the recognizances are used, they are drawn out in extenso. See 4 Ca. & P. 61; S.C.19E.C.L.R.268; 9 Co.48.

ABBREVIATIONS and abbreviated references. The following list, though neces-sarily incomplete, may be useful to some readers.

A, a, the first letter of the alphabet, is sometimes used in the ancient law

books to denote that the paging is the first of that number in the book. As

an abbreviation, A is used for anonymous.

A. & A. on Corp. Angell & Ames on Corporations. Sometimes cited Ang. on Corp.

A. B. Anonymous Reports, printed at the end of Bendloe's Reports.

A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord

A. & E. Adolphus and Ellis' Reports.

A. & E. N. S. Adolphus & Ellis' Queen's Bench Reports, New Series, commonly

cited Q. B.

A. & F. on Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.

A. K. Marsh. A. K. Marshall's (Kty.) Reports.

Ab. or Abr. Abridgement.

Abr. Ca. Eq. Abridgement of cases in Equity.

Abs. Absolute.

Ab. Sh. Abbott on Shipping.

Acc. Accord or Agrees.

Act. Acton's Reports.

Act. Reg. Acta Regia.

Ad. Eject. Adams on Ejectment.

Ad. & Ell. Adolphus & Ellis' Reports.

Ad. finn. Ad finem. At or near the ond.

Ads. Ad sectum, vide Ats.

Addam's R. Addam's Ecclesiastical Reports. In E. Eccl. Rep.

Addis on Contr. Addison on the Law of Contracts and on Parties to actions ex

contractu.

Addis. R. Addison's Reports.

Admr. Administrator.

Ady. C. M. Adye on Courts Martial.

Aik. R. Aiken's Reports.

Al. Aleyn's Cases.

Al. Alinea. Al et. Et alii, and others.

Al.& N.~~ Alcock & Napier's Reports.

Ala. R. Alabama Repo_rt~.

Alc. Reg. G~. Alcock's Reg~stration Case~

Ald. ~ Van Hoes. Dig. A Di~gest of the Laws of Mi~sissippi, by T. J. ~Fox Alden

and J. A. Yan Hoesen.

Aldr. Hilt. Aldridge's History of the Court~ of Law.

Alis. Prin. Alison's Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland.

All. ~ Mor. Tr. Allen and Morris' Trial.

Alley. L. D. of ~Mar. Alleyne'~s Legal Degrees of Marriage considered.

Alln. Part. Allnat on Partition.

Am. America, American, or Americana.

Amb. Ambler's Reports.

Am. ~ Fer. on. F~ixt. Amo~s & Ferard on Fi~xture~s.

Amer. ~America, American, or Americana.

Amer. Dig. American Dige~t.

~Amer. Jur. American Jurist.

A~n. Anonymous.

And . Anderson's Reports.

Ander. Ch. War. Anderdon on Church Warden~.

Andr. Andrew'~ Report~.

Ang. on Adv. Enj. Angell'~s Inquiry into the rule of law which creates a right

to an incorporeal hereditament, by an adverse enjoyment of twenty years.

Ang. on Ass. Angell'~s Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment~ in tru~t for

creditor~.

Ang. on B. T. Angell on Bank Tax.

Ang. on Corp. Angell on the Law of Private Corporation~s.

Ang. on Limit. Angell's Treatise on the Limitation of Actions at Law, and

Suits in Equity.

~Ang. on Tide Wat. ~~Angell on the right of property in Tide Waters.

Ang.~ on W~ater Co~urses. Angell on the Common Law in relation to Water Courses.

Ann. Anne; as 1 Ann. c. 7.

Anna. Annaly's Reports. This book is usually cited Cas. Temp. Hardw.

Annesl. on Ins. Annesley on Insurance.

Anstr. Anstruther's Reports.

Anth. Shep. Anthon's editon's of Sheppard's Touchstone.

Ap. Justin. Apud Justinianum, or Justinian's Institutes.

App. Apposition.

Appx. Appendix.

Arch Archbold. Arch. Civ. Pl. Archbold's Civil Pleadings. Arch. Cr. Pl. Ar-

chbold's Criminal Pleadins. Arch. Pr. Archbold's Practice. Arch. B. L.

Archbold's Bankrupt law. Arch. L. & T. Archbold on the Law of Landlord

and Tenant. Arch. N. P. Archbold's Law of nisi Prius.

Arg. Argumento, by an argument drawn from such a law. it also signifies

arguendo.

Arg. Inst. Institution au Droit Francais, par M. Argou.

Ark. Rep. Arkansas Reports. See Pike's Rep.

Ark. Rev. Stat. Arkansas Revised Statutes.

Art. Article

Ashm. R. Ashmead's Reports

~Aso & Man. Inst. Aso and Manuel's institutes of the Laws of Spain.

Ass. or Lib. Ass. Liber Assissarium, or Pleas of the Crown.

Ast. Ent. Aston's Entries.

Atherl. on Mar. Atherley on the Law of Marriage and other Family Settlements.

Atk. Atkyn's Reports.

Atk. P. T. Atkyn's Parliamentary Tracts.

Atk. on Con. Atkinson on Conveyancing.

Atk. on Tit. Atkinson on Marketable Titles.

Ats. in practice, is an abbreviation for the words "at suit of," and is used

when the defendant files any pleadings; for example: when the defendant

enters a plea he puts his name before that of the plaintiff, reversing the

order in which they are on the record. C.D.(the defendant,) ats A.B. (the

plaintiff.)

Aust. on Jur. The Province of Jurisprudence determind, by John Austin

Auth. Authentica, in the Authentic; that is, the Summary of some of the Novels

of the Civil Law inserted in the code under such a title.

Ay. Ayliff'es Pandect.

Ayl. Parerg. Ayliffe's Parergon juris canonici Anglicani.

Azun. Mar. Law. Azuni's Maritime Law of Europe.

B, b, ig used to point out that a number, used at tho head of a page to denote

the folio, is the second number o~f the same volume.

B. B. Bail Bond.

B. or Bk. Boo~k.

B. ~& A. Barnewall & Alderson~s Reports.

B. ~& B. Ball ~& Beatty's Reports.

B. C. R. Brown'~s Chancery Reports.

B. Eccl. L. Burn's Ecclesia~tical Law.

B. J~ust. Burn's Justice.

B. N. C. Brooke's ~New Cases.

B. P. C. or Bro. Parl. CaJ. Brown's Parliamentry Ca~ses.

B. ~& P. or Bos. ~& Pull. Bosanquet & Puller's Reports.

B. R. or K. B. ~King'~s Bench.

B. Tr. Bishop's Trial.

Bab. on Auct. Babington on the Law of Auctions.

Bab. Set off. Babington on Set off and mutual credit.

Bac. Abr. Bacon's Abridgement.

Bac. Comp. Arb. Bacon's (M.) Complete Arbitrator.

Bac. El. Bacon's Elements of the Common Law.

Bac. Gov. Bacon on Go~vernment.

Bac. Law Tr. Bacon'~s Law Tracts

Bac. Leas. Bacon (M.) on Leases and Term~ of Years.

Bac. Lib Reg. Bacon's ~John) Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Rerum Eccleslasticarum.

Bac. Use~s Bacon'~s Reading on the Statute of Uses. This is printed in his Law

Tract~s.

Bach. ~an. Bache'~s Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace

Bail. R. Bailey's Report~.

Bain. on ~~~M.&M. Bainbridge on Mines and Mineral~s.

Baldwin. R. Baldwin's Circuit Court Reports.

Ball & Beat. Ball and Beatty'~s Report~s.

Ballan. Lim. Ballantine on Limitations.

Banc. Sup. Upper Bench.

Barb. ~Eq. Dig. Barbour~s Equity Dige~st.

Barb. Cr. Pl. B~arbour's Criminal Pleading~.

Bar~b. Pract. in Ch. Barbour's Treatise on the Practice of the Court of

Chancery.

Barb. R. Barbour's Chancery Report~s.

~Barb. Grot. Grotius on War and Peace, with notes by Barbeyrac.

Barb. Puff. Puffendorf'~s Law of Nature and Nations, with notes by M.

Barbeyrac.

Barb. on Set off. Barbour on the Law of Set off, with an appendix of

Precedents.

Barn. C. Barnardiston's~ Chancery Reports.

Barn. Barnardi~ston's K. B. Reports.

Barn. ~& Ald. Barnewall & Alder~on'~s Re~ports.

~Barn. ~& ~Adolph. Barnewall & Adolphu~'s Reports.

Barn. ~& Cre~ss. Barnewull & Cresswell'~s Reports.

Barn. Sher. Barnes' Sheriff.

Barnu. Barne~' Notes of Practice.

Barr. Ob~s. Stat. Barrington'~s Observations on the more ancient statute~s.

Barr. Te~n. Barry's Tenure.

Bart. El. Conv. Barton's Element~ of Conveyancing. ~Bart. Prec. Conv. Barton's Precedent~ of Conveyancing. Bart. S. Eq. Barton's Suit in Equity.

Batt~y'~s R. Batty's Reports of Cases determined in the ~K. B. Ireland.

Bay's R. Bay's Reprts.

Bayl. Bills. Bayley on Bill~s.

Bayl. Ch. Pr. Bayley~'s Chamber Practice.

Beam. ~Ne E~xeat. Br~ief view of the writ of Ne Exeat Regno, as a~ equi~ablc

proc~ess, by J. Beam~s.

Beam.. Eq. Beames on Equity Pleading.

Beam. Ord. Chan. Beames' ~General Orders of the High Court of Cbancery, from 1600 to 1815.

Beat. R. Beatty'~s Reports determined in the High Court of Chancery In Ireland.

Beav. R. Beavan's Chancery Reports.

Beawes. Beawe~'s Lex Mercatoria.

Beck'~s Med. Jur. Bec~k's Medical Jurisprudence.

Bee's R. Bee's Reports.

Bell'~s Com. Bell's Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles

of Mercantile~ Jurisprudence.

Bell. Del. U. L. Beller's Delineation of Universal Law.

Bell's Dict. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland By Robert Bell

Bell's ~Med. Jur Bell'~s Medical Jurisprudence.

Bell~. Bellewe'~s Ca~ses in the time of ~K. Richard II. Bellewe'~s Cases in the

time of Henry VIII, Edw VI., and Q. Mary, collected out of Brooke's ~

Abridgment, and arranged under years,~ with a table, are cited as Brooke's

New Cases.

Bellingh. Tr. Bellingham's Trial.

Belt's Sup. Belt's Supplement. Supplement to the Reports in Chancery of

Francis Vesey, Senior, Esq, during the time of Lord Ch J. Hardwicke.

Belt's Ves. sen. Belt's editon of Vesey senior's Reports.

Benl. Benloe & Dalison's Reports. See New Benl.

Ben. on Av. Benecke on Average.

Benn. Diss. Bennet's Short Dissertation on the nature and various proceedings

in the Master's Office, in the Court of Chancery. Sometimes this book is

called Benn. Pract.

Benn. Pract. See Benn. Diss.

Benth. Ev. Bentham's Treatise on Judicial Evidence.

~B~est on Prc~. Best's Treatise on Presumption of Law and Fact.

Bett's Adm. Pr. Bett's Admiralty Practice.

Bev. on Hom. Bevil on Homicide.

Bill. on Aw. Billing on the Law of Awards.

Bi~ng. Bingham Bin~. Inf; Bingham on Infancy. Bing on Judg. Bingham on Judgments

and E~ecutions. Bing L.&~ T. Bingham on the Law of Landlord and Tenant Bing.

R. Bing Bingham's Reports. Bin~. ~N. C. Bingham'~s New C~ases.

Binn. Reports Of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court. of Pennsyl~vania By

Horace Binney

Bird on Conv. Bird on Conveyancing Bird L.~& T. Bird o~n the Laws respecting

Landlords, Tenants and Lod~gers. Bird's Sol. Pr Bird's Solution of Precedents

of Settlement~.

Biret, De l'Abs. Traite de l'Absence et de ses effects, par M. Biret

Bi~s. on E~st. or Buss. on Life E~st. Bi~ssett on the Law of Estates for Life.

Biss. on Par~n. Bissett on Partnership.

Bl. Blounts Law Dictionary and ~Glossary

Bl. Comm. or Comm. Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir Wllliam

Black~stone.

Bl. Rep. Sir William Blac~kstone's Reports.

Bl. ~H. Henry Blackstone's Report~, sometime cited ~H. Bl.

Bla~ck. L. T. Blackstone's Law Tracts

Blackb on Sales. Blac~kburn on the Eff~ect of the Contract of Sale~s.

Blac~b. on Sales. Blac~burn on the Law of Sales.

Blackf. R. Blackford'~s Reports.

Blak. Ch. Pr. Bla~ke's Practice of the Court of Chancery of ~the State of ~New'

Yor~k.

Blan. on Ann. Blaney on Life Annuities

Bland's Ch. R. Bland'~s Chancery Reports.

Blansh. Lim. Blan~shard on Limitations.

Bligh. R. Bligh's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.

Blount. Blount's ~ Law Dictionary and Glo~ssary.

Bo. R. Act. Booth on Real Actions.

Boh. Dec. Bohun'~s Declaration~. Boh. En~g. L. Bohun'~s English Lawyer. Boh. Priv.

Ion. Bohun'~s Privilegia Londini.

Boote. Boote's Ch. Pr. Boote'~s Chanccry Practice. Boote's S. L. ~Boote's Suit

at Law.

Booth's R. A. Booth on Real Action.

Borth. L. L. Borthwic~k on the La~w of Libel~.

Bos. & ~ Pull. Bosanquet and Puller'~s Reports. Vide B.~& P.

Bosc. on Con~. Bo~cowen on Convictions.

Bott. Bott'~s Poor Law~.

Bouch In~st. Dr. ~Mar. Boucher, Institution au Droit Maritime.

Boulay Paty~ Dr. Com. Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, par P. S Boulay Paty.

Bousq. Dict. de Dr. Bousquet, Dictionnaire de Droit.

Bouv. L. D. Bouvier'~s Law Dictionary.

Bouv. Inst. Institutione~s Theologicae Auctore J. Bouvier.

Bouv. In~st. ~Am. Law. Bouvier'~s Institutes of American Law.

Bo~wl. on Lib. Bowles on Libels.

Br. or Brownl. Brownlow'~s Reports.

Br. or Br. Ab. Brooke'~s ~Abridgment.

Bra. Brady~'s Hiatory of the Succession of the Crown of England, ~&c.

Brac. Bracton's Treatise on the Law~ and C~ustoms of England.

Bra. Princ. Branche'~s Principia Legi~s et A~equitati~s.

Brack. L. ~Misc. Brackenridge'~s Law Miscellany.

bradb. Bradby on Distresses.

Bradl. P. B. Bradley's Point Book.

Bran. Prin. or Bran. Max. Branch's Principia Legis Aequitatis, being an

alphabetical collection of maxims, &c.

Brayt. R. Brayton's Report~.

Breese'~s R. B~reese'~s Report~

Brev. Sel. Brevia Selecta, or Choice Writ~s.

Brid. Bridgman's Reports Reports from 12 to 19 K Jame~s. By Sir John Bridgman.

Brid. Dig. Ind. Bridgman's Dige~sted Inde~x.

Brid. Leg. Bib. Bridgman'~s Legal Bibliography.

Brid. Conv. Bridgman~'s Precedents of Conveyancing.

Brid. Refl. Bridgman'~s Reflections on the Study of the Law.

Brid. Sy~nth. Bridgeman's Synthesis.

Brid. Thes. Jur. Bridgman'~s The~saurus Juridic~.

Bridg. O. Orlando Bridgmen's Reports.

Bridg. The. Jru. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridicus.

Britton. Treatise onthe Ancient Pleas of the Crown

Bro. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports. Also, Reports by Richard Brownlow and John

Goldeshorough. Cited 1 Bro. 2 Bro.

Bro. Ab. Brooke's Abridgement.

Bro. A. & C. L. Brown's Admiralty and Civil Law.

Bro. C. C. Brown's Chancery Cases.

Bro. Off. Not. A Treatise on the Office and Practice of a Notary in England,

as connected with Mercantile Instruments, &c. By Richard Brooke.

Bro. P. C. Brown's Parliamentary Cases.

Bro. Read. Brooke's Reading on the Statute of Limitations.

Bro. on Sales. Brown on Sales

Bro. V.M. Brown's Vade Mecum.

Brock. R. Brockenbrough's Reports of Chief Justice Marshall's Decisions.

Brod. & Bing. Broderip & Bingham's Reports.

Broom on Part. Broom on Parties to Actions.

Brownl. Rediv. or Brownl. Ent. Brownlow Redivivus.

Bruce M. L. Bruce's Military Law.

Buck's Ca. Buck's Cases. Cases in Bankruptcy in 1817, 1818, by J.W. Buck.

Bull. Bull. N.P. Buller's Nisi Prius.

Bulst. Bulstrode's Reports.

Bunb. Bunbury's Reports.

Burge Col. Law. Burge's Colonial Law.

Burge Confl. of Law. Burge on the Conflict of Laws.

Burge on Sur. Burge's Commentaries on the Law of Suretyship. &c.

Burge For. Law. Burge on Foreign Law.

Burlam. Burlamaqui's Natural and Political Law.

Burn's L.D. Burn's Law Dictionary.

Burn's Just. Burn's Justice of the Peace.

Burn's Eccl. Law or Burn's E.L. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law.

Burn. C.L. Burnett's Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Burn. Com. Burnett's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Burr. Burrow's Reports.

Burr. Sett. Cas. Burrow's Settlement Cases.

Burr's Tr. Burr's Trial.

Burt. Man. Burton's Manual of the Law of Scotland. The work is in two parts,

one relating to "public law," and the other to the law of "private rights

and obligations." The former is cited Burt. Man. P.L.; the latter, Burt.

Man. Pr.

Burt. on Real Prop. Burton on Real Property.

Butl. Hor. Jur. Butler's Horae Juridicae Subsecivae.

C. Codes, the Code of Justinian. C. Code. C. Chancellor.

C.& A. Cooke and Alcock's Reports.

C.B. Communi Banco, or Common Bench.

C.C. Circuit Court.

C.C. Cepi Corpus.

C.C.& B.B. Cepi Corpus and Bail Bond.

C.C. or Ch. Cas. Cases in Chancery in three parts.

C.C.C. or Cr. Cir. Com. Crown Circuit Companion.

C.C.& C. Cepi corpus et committitur. See Capias ad satisfaciendum, in the

body of the work.

C.C.E. or Cain. Cas. Caines' Cases in Error.

C.D. or Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.

C.& D. C. C. Crawford and Dix's Criminal Cases.

C.& D. Ab. C. Crawford and Dix's Abridged Cases.

C.& F. Clark & Findley's Reports.

C.& F. Clarke & Finelly's Reports.

C. J. Chief Justice.

C.& J. Crompton & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.

C.J.C.P. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.

C.J.K.B. Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

C.J.Q.B. Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench.

C.J.U.B. Chief Justice of the Upper Bench. During the time of the common-

wealth, the English Court of the King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.

C.& K. Carrington & Kirwan's Reports.

C.& M. Crompton & Meeson's Reports.

C.& M. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.

C.M.& R. Crompton, Meeson & Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.

C.N.P.C. Campbell's Nisi Prius Cases.

C. P. Common Pleas.

C.P. Coop. C.P. Cooper's Reports.

C.& P. or Car.& Payn. Carrington & Payne's Reports.

C.& P. Craig & Phillips' Reports.

C.R. or Ch. Rep. Chancery Reports.

C.& R. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.

C.W. Dudl. Eq. C.W. Dudley's Equity Reports.

C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian code.

Ca. Case or placitum.

Ca. T.K. Select Cases tempore King.

Ca. T. Talb. Cases tempore Talbot.

Ca. res. Capias ad respondendum.

Ca. sa., in practice, is the abbreviation of capias ad satisfaciendum.

Caines' R. Caines' Term Reports.

Caines' Cas. Caines' Cases, in error.

Caines' Pr. Caines' Practice.

Cald. R. Caldecott's Reports.

Cald. S.C. Caldecott's Settlement Cases; sometimes cited Cald. R.

Caldw. Arbit. Caldwell on Arbitration.

Call. on Sew. Callis on the Law relating to Sewers.

Call's R. Call's REports.

Calth. R. Calthorp's Reports of Special Cases touching several customs and

liberties of the City of London.

Calv. on Part. Calvert on Parties to Suits in Equity.

Cam.& Norw. Cameron & Norwood's Reports.

Campb. Campbell's Reports.

Can. Canon.

Cap. Capitulo, chapter.

Car. Carolus: as 13 Car. 2, st. 2, c.1.

Carr. Cr. L. Carrington's Criminal Law.

Carr.& Kirw. Carrington & Kriwan's Reports. See C.& K.

Carr.& Marsh. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.

Carr.& Oliv. R. and C.C. Carrow & Oliver's Railway and Canal Cases.

Cart. Carter's Reports. Reports in C.P. in 16, 17, 18, and 19, Charles II.

Cara de For. Carta de Foresta.

Carth. Carthew's Reports.

Cary. Cary's Reports.

Cary on Partn. Cary on the Law of Partnership.

Cas. of App. Cases of Appeals to the House of Lords.

Cas. L. Eq. Cases and Opinions in Law, Equity, and Conveyancing.

Cas. of Pr. Cases of Practice in the Court of the King's Bench, from the reign

of Eliz. to the 14 Geo. 3.

Cas. of Sett. Cases of Settlement.

Cas. Temp. Hardw. Cases during the time of Lord Hardwicke.

Cas. Temp. Talb. Cases during the time of Lord Talbot.

Ch. Chancellor.

Ch. CAs. Cases in Chancery.

Ch. Pr. Precedents in Chancery.

Ch. R. REports in Chancery.

Ch. Rep. Vide Ch. Cases.

Chamb. on Jur. of Chan. Chambers on the Jurisdiction of the High Court of

Chancery, over the Persons and Property of Infants.

Chamb. L.& T. Chambers on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Char. Merc. Charta mercatoria. See Bac. Ab. Smuggling, C.

Charlt. Charlton. T.U.P. Charl. T.U.P. Charlton's Reports. R.M. Charlton's

Reports.

Chase's Tr. Chase's Trial.

Cher. Cas. Cherokee Case.

Chev. C.C. Cheves' Chancery Cases.

Chipm. R. Chipman's Reports. D. Chipm. D. Chipman's Reports.

Chipm. Contr. Essay on the Law of Contracts for the payment of Specific

Articles. By Daniel Chipman.

Ch. Contr. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts. By Joseph Chitty, Jr.

Chitty. on App. Chitty's Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Apprentices

and Journeymen.

Chit. on Bills. Chitty on Bills.

Chit. Jr. on Bills. Chitty, junior, on Bills.

Chit. Com. L. Chitty's Treatise on Commerical Law.

Chit. Cr. L. Chitty's Criminal Law.

Chit. on Des. Chitty on the Law of Descents.

Chit. F. Chitt's Forms and Practical Proceedings.

Chit. Med. Jur. Chitty on Medical Jurisprudence.

Chit. Chitty's Reports.

Chit. Pl. A Practical Treatise on Pleading, by Joseph Chitty.

Chit. Pr. Chitty's General Practice.

Chit. Prerog. Chitty on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown.

Chris. B.L. Christian's Bankrupt Laws.

Christ. Med. Jur. Christison's Treatise on Poisons, relating to Medical Juris-

prudence, Physiology, and the Practice of Physic.

Civ. Civil.

Civ. Code Lo. Civil Code of Louisiana.

Cl. The Clementines.

Cl. Ass. Clerk's Assistant.

Clan. H.& W. Clancy on the Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Hushand and

Wife.

Clark on Leas. Clark's Enquiry into the Nature of Leases.

Clarke, R. Clarke's Reports.

Clark & Fin. Clark & Finelly's Reports.

Clark. Adm. Pr. Clarke's Practice inthe Admiralty.

Clark. Prax. Clarke's Praxis, being the manner of proceeding in the

Ecclesiastical Courts.

Clay. Clayton's Reports.

Cleir. Us et Const. Cleirac, Us et Coustumes ae la Mer.

Clerke's Rud. Clerke's Rudiments of American Law and Practice.

Clift. Clift's Entries.

Co. A particle used before other words to imply that the person spoken of

possesses the same character as other persons whose character is mentioned,

as co-executor, and executor with other; co-heir, an heir with others; co-

partner, a partner with others, etc. - Co. is also an abbreviation for "com-

pany" as John Smith & Co. When so abbreviated is also represents "county."

Co. Coke's Reports.

Co. or Co. Rep. Coke's Reports.

Co. Ent. Coke's Entries.

Co. B. L. Cooke's Bankrupt Law.

Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts; 4th Institute. See Inst.

Co. Litt. Coke on Littleton. See Inst.

Co. M. C. Coke's Magna Charta; 2d Institute. See. Inst.

Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown. See Inst.

Cock & Rowe. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.

Code Civ. Code Civil, or Civil Code of France. This work is usually cited by

the article.

Code Nap. Code Napoleaon. The same as Code Civil.

Code Com. Code de Commerce.

Code Pen. Code Penal.

Code Pro. Code de Procedure.

Col. Column, in the first or second column of the book quoted.

Col.& Cai. CAs. Coleman & Caines' Cases.

Cole on Inf. Cole on Criminal Informations, and Informations in the Nature of

Quo Warranto.

Coll. on Pat. Collier on the Law of Patents.

Coll. on Idiots. Collinson on the Law concerning Idiots, &c.

Coll. Rep. Colle's Reports.

Coll. Collation.

Colly. Rep. Collyer's Reports.

Com. Communes, or Extravagantes Communes.

Com. or Com. Rep. Comyn's Reports.

Com. Contr. Comyn on Contract.

Com. on Us. Comyn on Usury.

Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.

Com. L.& T. Comyn on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Com. Law. Commerical Law.

Com. Law. Rep. Common Law Reports, edited by Sergeant and Lowher.

Comb. Comberbach's Reports.

Comm. Blackstone's Commentaries.

Con. & Law. Connor & Lawson's Reports.

Cond. Condensed.

Cond. Ch. R. Condensed Chancery Reports.

Cond. Ex. R. Condensed Exchequer Reports.

Conf. Chart. Confirmatio Chartorum.

Cong. Congress.

Conkl. Pr. Conkling's Practice of the Courts of the United States.

Conn. R. Connecticut Reports.

Conr. Cust. R. Contoy's Custodiam Reports.

Cons. del Mar. Consolato del Mare.

Cons. Ct. R. Constitutional Court REports.

Cont. Contra.

Cooke on Defam. Cooke on Defamation.

Coop. Eq. R. Cooper's Equity Reports.

Coop. Cas. Cases in the High Court of Chancery. By George Cooper.

Coop. on Lib. Cooper on the Law of Libels.

Coop. Eq. Pl. Cooper's Equity Pleading.

Coop. Just. Cooper's Justinian's Institutes.

Coop. Med. Jur. Cooper's Medical Jurisprudence.

Coop. t. Brough. Cooper's Cases in the time of Brougham.

Coop. P.P. Cooper's Points of Practice.

Cote. Mrtg. Coote on Mortgages.

Corb. & Dan. Corbet & Daniel's Election Cases.

Corn. on Uses. Cornish on Uses.

Corn. on REm. Cornish on REmainders.

Corp. Jur. Civ. Corpus Juris Civilus.

Corp. Jur. Can. Corpus Juris Canonicus.

Corvin. Corvinus. See Bac. Ab. Mortgage A, where this author is cited.

Cot. Abr. Cotton's Abridgement of Records.

Cov. on Conv. Evi. Coventry on Conveyancers' Evidence.

Cow. Int. Cowel's Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of words and terms, used

either in the common or statute laws of Great Britain.

Cowp. Cowper's Reports.

Cow. R. Cowen's Reports, N.Y.

Cox's Cas. Cox's Cases.

Coxe's R. Coxe's Reports.

Crabb's C.L. Crabb's Common Law. A History of English Law. By George Crabb.

Crabb, R. P. Crabb on the Law of REal Property.

Craig & Phil. Craig & Phillip's Reports.

Cranch, R. Cranch's Reports.

Cressw. R. Cresswell's Reports of Cases decided in the Court for the RElief of

Insolvent Debtors.

Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation: adultery.

Cro. Croke's Reports.

Cro. Eliz. Croke's Reports, during the time of Queen Elizabeth, also cited as

1 Cro.

Cro. jac. Croke's Reports during the time of King James I., also cited as 2

Cro.

Cro. Car. Croke's Reports, during the time of Charles I., also cited as 3 Cro.

Crompt. Ex. Rep. Crompton's Exchequer Reports.

Crompt. J.C. Crompton's Jurisdiction of Courts.

Crompt. & Mees. Crompton & Meeson's Exchequer Reports.

Crompt. Mees. & Rosc. Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe's Exchequ

r Reports.

Cross on Liens. Cross' Treatise on the Law of Liens and Stoppage in Transitu.

Cru. Dig. or Cruise's Dig. Cruise's Digest of the Law of Real Property.

Cul. Culpablilis, guilty; non cul. not guilty; a plea entered in actions of

trespass.

Cul. prit., commonly written culprit; cul., as above mentioned, means

culpabilis, or culpable; and prit, which is a corruption of pret, signifies

ready. 1 Chitty Cr. Law. 416.

Cull. Bankr. L. Cullen's Principles ofhte Bankrupt Law.

Cun. Cunningham's Reports.

Cunn. Dict. Cunningham's Dictionary.

Cur. adv. vult. Curia advisare vult. Vide Ampliation.

Cur. Scacc. Cursus Scaccarii, the Court of the Star Chamber.

Cur. Phil. Curia Philipica.

Curs. Can. Cursus Cancellariae.

Curt. R. Curteis' Ecclesiastical Reports.

Curt. Am. Sea. Curtis on American Seamen.

Curt. on Copyr. Curtis on Copyrights.

Cush. Trust. Pr. Cushing on Trustee Process, or Foreign Attachment, of the

Laws of Massachusetts and Maine.

Cust. de Norm. Custome de Normandie.

D. dialogue; as, Dr. and Stud. D. 2, c. 24, or Doctor and Student, dialogue 2, chapter 24.

D. dictum; D. Digest of Justinian.

D. The Digest or Pandects of the Civil Law, is sometimes cited thus, D.6.1.5.

D. C. District Court; District of Columbia.

D. C. L. Doctor of the Civil Law.

D. Chipm. R. D. Chipman's Reports.

D. S. B. Debit sans breve.

D. S. Deputy Sheriff.

D.& C. Dow and Clark's Reports.

D.& C. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.

D.& E. Durnford & East's Reports. This book is also cited as Term Reports,

abbreviated as T.R.

D.& L. Danson & Lloyd's Mercantile Cases.

D.& M. Davidson's & Merivale's Reports.

D.& R. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.

D.& R. N. P. C. Dowling and Ryland's Reports of Cases decided at Nisis Prius.

D.& S. Doctor and Student.

D.& W. Drury & Walsh's Reports.

D;Aguesseau, Oeuvres. Oeuvres completes du Chancellier D'Aguesseau.

Dat. Cr. L. Dagge's Criminal Law.

Dal. Dalison's Reports. See Benl.

Dall. Dallas' Reports.

Dall. Dallas' Laws of Pennsylvania.

Dalloz, Dict. Dictionaire General et raisonne de legilation, de Doctrine, et

de Jurisprudence, en matiere civile, commerciale, criminelle, administra-

tive, et de Droit Public. Par Armand Dalloz, jeune.

Dalr. Feud. Pr. Dalrymple's Essay, or History of Feudal Property in Great Britain. Sometimes cited Dalr. F.L.

Dalr. on Ent. Dalrymple on the Polity of Entails.

Dalr. F. L. Dalrymple's Feudal law.

Dalt. Just. Dalton's Justice.

Dalt. Sh. Dalton's Sheriff.

D'Anv. D'Anvers' Abridgement.

Dan. Ch. Pr. Caniell's Chancery Practice.

Dan. Ord. Danish Ordinances.

Dan. Rep. Daniell's Reports.

Dan.& Ll. Danson & Lloyd's Reports.

Dana's R. Dana's Reports.

Dane's Ab. Dane's Abridgment of American Law.

Dav. Davies' Reports.

Dav. on Pat. Davies' Collection of Cases respecting patents.

Daw. Land. Pr. Dawe's Epitome of the Law of Landed Property.

Daw. Real Pr. Dawe's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Law on Real Estates.

Daw. on Arr. Dawe's Commentaries on the Law of Arrest in Civil Cases.

Daws. Or. Leg. Dawson's Origo Legum.

Deac. R. Deacon's Reports. Deac.& Chit. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.

Deb. on Jud. Debates on the Judiciary.

Dec. temp. H.& M. Decisions in Admiralty duringthe time of Hay & Marriott.

Deft. Defendant.

De Gex & SM. R. De Gex & Smale's Reports.

Den. Cr. Cas. Denison's Crown Cases.

Den. Rep. Denio's New York Reports.

Desaus. R. Desaussure's Chancery Reports.

Dev. R. Devereux's Reports.

Dev. Ch. R. Devereux's Chancery Reports.

Dev.& Bat. Devereux & Battle's Reports.

Di. or Dy. Dyer's Reports.

Dial. de Scac. Dialogus de Scaccario.

Dick. Just. Dickinson's Justice.

Dick. Pr. Dickinson's Practice of the Quarter of and other Sessions.

Dick. Dicken's Reports.

Dict. Dictionary.

Dict. Dr. Can. Dictionnaire de Driot Canonique.

Dict. de' Jur. Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence.

Dig. Digest of writs. Dig. The Pandects or Digest of the Civil Law, cited as

Dig. 1,2,5,6, for Digest, book 1, 2, law 5, sections 6.

Disn. on Gam. Disney's Law of Gaming.

Doct. & Stud. Doctor and Student.

Doct. Pl. Doctrina Placitandi.

Doder. Eng. Law. Doderidge's English Lawyer.

Dods. R. Dodson's Reports.

Dom. Domat, Lois Civilles.

Dom. Proc. Domo Procerum. In the House of Lords.

Domat. Lois Civilles dans leur ordre naturel. Par M. Domat.

Dougl. Douglas' Reports.

Doug. El. Cas. Dougls' Election Cases.

Dougl. (Mich.) R. Dougls' Michigan Reports.

Dow. or Dow. P.C. Dow's Parliamentary Cases.

Dow & Clarke, Dow and Clarke's Reports of Cases in the House of Lords.

Dowl. P. C. Dowling's Practical Cases.

Dow.& R. N. P. Dowling and Ryan's Nisi Prius Cases.

Dow.& Ry. M.C. Dowling & Ryan's Cases for Magistrates.

Dow.& Ry. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.

Dr.& St. Doctor and Student.

Drew. on Inj. Drewry on Injunctions.

Dru.& Wal. Drury and Walsh's Reports.

Dru.& War. Drury & Warren's Reports.

Dub. Dubitatur.

Dudl. R. Dudley's Law and Equity Reports.

Dug. S. or Dugd. Sum. Dugdale's Summons.

Dugd. Orig. Dugdale's Origines.

Dug. Sum. Dugdale's Summonses

Duke. or Duke's Ch. Uses. Duke's Law of Charitable Uses.

Dunl. Pr. Dunlap's Practice.

Dunl. Admr. Pr. Dunlap's Admiralty Practice.

Duponc. on Jur. Duponceau on Jurisdictions.

Duponc. Const. Duponceau on the Constitution.

Dur. Dr. FR. Duranton, Droit Francais.

Durnf.& East. Durnford & East's Reports, also cited D.& E. or T.R.

Duv. Dr. Civ. Fr. Duvergier, Droit Civil Francais. This is a continuation of Touiller's Droit Civil Francais. Teh first volume of Duvergier is the sixteenth volume of the continuation. The work is sometimes cited 16 Toull. or 16 Toullier, instead of being cited 1 Duv. or 1 Duvergier, etc.

Dwar. on Stat. Dwarris on Statutes.

Dy. Dyer's Reports.

E. Easter Term.

E. Edward; as 9 E. 3, c. 9.

E. of Cov. Earl of Coventry's Case.

E.C.L.R. English Common Law Reports, sometimes cited Eng. Com. Law REp. (q.v.)

E.g., usually written e.g., exempli gratia; for the sake of an instance or

example.

E.P.C. or East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.

East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.

Eccl. Ecclesiastical.

Eccl. Law. Ecclesiastical Law.

Eccl. Rep. Ecclesiastical Reports. Vide Eng. Eccl. Rep.

Ed. or Edit. Edition.

Ed. Edward; as, 3 Ed. 1, c. 9.

Ed. Inj. Eden on Injunction.

Ed. Eq. Reps. Eden's Equity Reports.

Ed. Prin. Pen. Law. Eden's Principles of Penal Law.

Edm. Exch. Pr. Edmund's Exchequer Practice.

Edw. Ad. Rep. Edward's Admiralty Reports.

Edw. Lead. Dec. Edward's Leading Decisions.

Edw. on Part. Edward's on Parties to Bills in Chancery.

Edw. on Rec. Edwards on Receivers in Chancery.

Eliz. Elizabeth; as, 13 Eliz. c. 15.

Ellis on D. and Cr. Ellis on the Law relating to Debtor and Creditor.

Elm on Dil. Elmes on Ecclesiastical and Civil Dilapidations.

Elsyn on Parl. Elsynge on Parliaments.

Encycl. Encycloaedia, or Encyclopedie.

Eng. English.

Eng. Ch. R. English Chancery Reports. Vide Cond. Ch. R. (See App. A.)

Eng. Com. Law Rep. English Common Law Reports.

Eng. Ecc. R. English Ecclisiastical Reports.

Eng. Plead. English Pleader.

Engl. Rep. English's Arkansas Reports.

Eod. Eodem, under the same title.

Eod. tit. In the same title.

Eq. Ca. Ab. Equity Cases Abridged.

Eq. Draft. Equity Draftsman.

Ersk. Inst. Erskin'e Institute of the Law of Scotland.

Ersk. Prin. of Laws of Scotl. Erskine's Principles of the Laws of Scotland.

Esp. N.P. Espinasse's Nisi Prius.

Esp. N. P. R. Espinasse's Nisi Prius Reports.

Esp. on Ev. Espinasse on Evidence.

Esp. on Pen. Ev. Espinasse on Penal Evidence.

Esq. Esquire.

Et. al. Et alii, and others.

Eunom. Eunomus.

Ev. Col. Stat. Evan's Collection of Statutes.

Ev. on Pl. Evans on Pleading.

Ev. Tr. Evans' Trial.

Ex. or Exor. Executor.

Execx. Executrix.

Exch. Rep. Exchequer Reports. Vide Cond. Exch. REp.

Exec. Execution. Exp. Expired.

Exton's Mar. Divaeo. Exton's Maritime Dicaeologie.

Extrav. Extravagants.

F. Finalis, the last or latter part.

F. Fitzherbert's Abridgment.

F.& F. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Reports.

F. R. Forum Romanum.

F.& S. Fox & Smith's Reports.

F. N. B. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.

Fairf. R. Fairfield's Reports.

Fac. Coll. Faculty Collection; the name of a set of Scotch Reports.

Falc. & Fitzh. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Election Cases.

Far. Farresly, (7 Mod. REp.) is sometimes so cited.

Farr's Med. Jur. Farr's Elements of Medical Jurisprudence.

Fearn. on Rem. Fearne on Remainders.

Fell. on Mer. Guar. Fell on Mercantile Guaranties.

Ferg. on M.& D. Ferfusson on Marriage and Divorce.

Ferg. R. Fergusson's Reports of the Consistorial Court of Scotland.

Ff. or ff. Pandects of Justinian: a careless way of writing the Greek .

Ferr. Hist. Civ. L. Ferriere's History of the Civil Law.

Ferr. Mod. Ferriere Moderne, on Nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes de Droit et de

Pratique.

Fess. on Pat. Fessenden on Patents.

Fi. fa. Fieri Facias.

Field's Com. Law. Field on the Common Law of England.

Dielf. on Penl Laws. Fielding on Penal Laws.

Finch. Finch's Law; or a Discourse thereof, in five books.

Finch's Pr. Finch's Precedents in Chancery.

Finl. L. C. Finlayson's Leading Cases on Pleading.

Fish. Capyh. Fisher on Copyholds.

]Fitz. C. Fitzgibbon's Cases.

Fitzh. Fitzherbert's Abridgment

Fitzh. Nat. Bre. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.

Fl. or Fleta. A Commentary on the English Law, written by an anonymous author, in the time of Edward I., while a prisoner in the Fleet.

Fletch. on Trusts. Fletcher on the Estates of Trustees.

Floy. Proct. Pr. Floyer's Proctor's Practice.

Fol. Foley's Poor Laws.

Fol. Folio.

Fonb. Fonblanque on Equity.

Fonb. Med. Jur. Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.

Forr. Forrester's Cases during the time of Lord Talbot, commonly cited Cas.

Temp. Talb.

For. Pla. Brown's Formulae Placitandi.

Forb. on Bills. Forbes on Bills of Exchange.

Forb. Inst. Forbes' Institutes of the Law of Scotland.

Forr. Exch. Rep. Forrest's Exchequer Reports.

Fors. on Comp. Forsyth on the Law relating to Composition with Creditors.

Fortesc. Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae.

Fortesc. R. Fortescue's Reports, temp. Wm. and Anne.

Fost. or Fost. C.L. Foster's Crown Law.

Fox.& Sm. Fox & Smith's Reports.

Fr. Fragmentum.

Fra. or Fra. Max. Francis' Maxims.

Fr. Ord. French Ordinance. Sometimes cited Ord. de la Mar.

Fras. Elect. Cas. Fraser's Election Cases.

Fred. Co. Frederician Code.

Freem. Freeman's Reports.

Freem. C. C. Freeman's Cases in Chancery.

Freem. (Mis.) R. Freeman's Reports of Cases decided by the Superior Court of

Chancery of Mississippi.

G. George; as, 13 G. 1, c. 29.

G. & J. Glyn & Jameson's Reports.

G. & J. Gill & Johnson's Reports.

G. M. Dudl. Repo. G. M. Dudley's Reports.

Gale & Dav. Gale & Davidson's Reports.

Gale's Stat. Gale's Statutes of Illinois.

Gall. or Gall. Rep. Gallison's Reports.

Garde on Ev. Garde's Practical Treatise onthe General Principles and

Elementary Rules of the Law of Evidence.

Geo. George; as, 13 Geo. 1, c. 29.

Geo. Dec. Georgia Decisions.

Geo. Lib. George on the Offence of Libel.

Gib. on D.& N. Gibbons on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances.

Gibs. Codex. Gibson's Codex Juris Civilis.

Gilb. R. Gilbert's Reports.

Gilb. Ev. Gilbert's Evidence.

Gilb. U. & T. Gilbert on Uses and Trusts.

Gilb. Ten. Gilbert on Tenures.

Gilb. on Rents. Gilbert on Rents.

Gilb. on Rep. Gilbert on Replevin.

Gilb. Ex. Gilbert on Executions.

Gilb. Exch. Gilbert's Exchequer.

Gilb. For. Rom. Gilbert's Forum Romanum.

Gilb. K. B. Gilbert's King's Bench.

Gilb. Rem. Gilbert on REmainders.

Gilb. on Dev. Gilbert on Devises.

Gilb. Lex. praet. Gilbert's Lex Praetoria.

Gill & John. Gill & Johnson's Reports.

Gill's R. Gill's Reports.

Gilm. R. Gilmer's Reports.

Gilp. R. Gilpin's Circuit Court Reports.

Gl. Glossa, the Gloss.

Glanv. Glanville's Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England.

Glassff. Ev. Glassford on Evidence.

Glov. Mun. Corp. Glover on Municipal Corporations, or Glov. on Corp. Glover on

the Law of Municipal Corporations.

Glyn. & Jam. Glyn & Jameson's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

Godb. Godbolt's Reports.

Godolph. Ad. Jr. Godolphin's View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction.

Godolph. Rep. Can. Godolphin's Repertorium Canonicum.

Godolph. Godolphin's Orphan's Legacy.

Gods. on Pat. Godson'sTReatise ont he Law of Patents.

Goldesh. Goldeshorought's Reports.

Golds. Goldshorough's Reports.

Gord. on Dec. Gordon on the Law of Decedents in Pennsylvania.

Gould on Pl. Gould on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions.

Gow on Part. Gow on Partnership.

Grah. Pr. Graham's Practice.

Grah. N.T. Graham on New Trials.

Grand. Cout. Grand Coutumier de Normandie, (q.v.)

Grady on Fixt. Grady on the law of Fixtures.

Grant on New. Tr. Grant on New Trials.

Grant's Ch. Pr. Grant's Chancery Practice.

Gratt. R. Grattan's Virginia Reports.

Green's B.L. Green's Bankrupt Laws.

Green's R. Green's Reports.

Greenl. on Ev. Greenleaf's Treatise on the Law of Evidence.

Greenl. Ov. Cas. Greenleaf's Overruled Cases.

Greenl. R. Greenleaf's Reports.

Greenw on Courts. Greenwood on Courts.

Gres. Eq. Ev. Gresley's Equity Evidence.

Grif. REg. Griffith's Law Register.

Grimk. on Ex. Grimke on the Duty of Executors and Administrators.

Grisw. Rep. Griswold's Reports.

Grot. Grotius de Jure Belli.

Gude's Pr. Gude's Practice on the Crown side of King's Bench, &c.

Gwill. Gwillim's Tithe Cases.

H. Henry; as, 18 H. 7, c. 15.

H. Hilary Term.

H.A. Hoc Anno

H.v. commonly written in small letters h.v. hoc verbo.

H. of L. House of Lords.

H. of R. House of Representatives.

H.& B. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.

H.& G. Harris & Gill's Reports.

H.& J. Harris & Johnson's Reports.

H. Bl. Henry Blackston'es Reports.

H. H. C. L. Hale's History ofthe Common Law.

H.& M. Henning and munford's Reports.

H.& M'H. or Harr. & M'Hen. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.

Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam.

H. P. C. Hales' Pleas of the Crown.

H.t. usually put in small letters, h.t. hoc titulo.

Hab. Corp. Habeas Corpus.

Hab. fa. pos. Habere facias possessionem.

Hagg. Ad. R. Haggard's Admiralty Reports.

Hagg. Ecc. R. Haggard's Ecclesiastical Reports.

Hagg. C. R. Haggard's REports in the Consistory Court of London.

Hale, P.C. Hale's Pleas of the Crown.

Hale's Sum. Hale's Summary of Pleas.

Hale's Jur. J. L. Hale's Jursidiction of the House of Lords.

Hale's Hist. C.L. Hale's History of the Common Law.

Halif. Civ. Law. Halifax's Analysis ofthe Civil Law.

Hall's R. Hall's Reports of Cases decided in the Superior Court of the city of

New York.

Halk. dig. Halkerton's digest of the Law of Scotland relating ot Marriage.

Hall's Adm. Pr. Hall's Admiralty Practice.

Halst. R. Halstead's Reports.

Hamm. N. P. Hammond's Nisi Prius.

Ham. R. Hammond's (Ohio) Reports.

Hamm. on Part. Hammond on Parties to Actions.

Hamm. Pl. Hammond's Analysis of the Principles of Pleading.

Hamm. on F. II. Hammond on Fire Insurance.

Han. Hansard's Entries.

Hand's ch. Pr. Hand's Chancery Practice.

Hand on Fines. Hand on Fines and Recoveries.

hand's Cr. Pr. hand's Corwn Practice.

hand on Pat. hand on Patents. Hans. Parl. Bed. hansard's Parliamentary Debates.

hard. Hardress' Reports.

Hardin's R. Hardin's Reports.

Hare R. Hare's Reports.

Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. Hare & Wallace's Select Decisions of American Cases,

with Notes.

Hare on Disc. Hare on the Discovery of Evidence by Bill and Answer in Equity.

Harg. Coll. Hargrave's Juridical Arguments and collection.

Harg. St. Tr. Hargrave's State Trials.

Harg. Exer. Hargrave's Exercitations.

Harg. Law Tr. Hargrave's Law Tracts.

Harp. L. R. Harper's Law Reports.

Harp. Eq. R. Harper's Equity Reports.

Harr. Ch. Harrison's Chancery Practice.

Harr. Cond. Lo. R. Harrison's condensed Report of Cases in Superior Court of

the Territory of Orleans, and in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Harr. Dig. Harrison's Digest.

harr. Ent. Harris' Entries.

Harr. (Mich.) R. harrington's Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of

Michigan.

Harr. & Gill. Harris & Gill's Reports.

harr. & John. Harris & Johnso's Reports.

Harr. & M'H. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.

Harringt. R. Harrington's Reports.

Hasl. Med. Jur. Haslam's Medical Jurisprudence.

Hawk. P.C. Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown.

Hawk's R. Hawk's Reports.

Hay on Est. An Elementary View of the Common Law of uses, Devises, and Trusts,

with reference to the Creation and Conveyance of Estates, by William Hayes.

Hay. on Lim. Hayes on Limitations.

Hay. Exch. R. Hayes' Exchequer Reports.

Hays on R. P. Hays on REal Property.

Heath's Max. Heath's Maxim's.

Hein. Elem. Juris. civ. Heineccii, Elementa juris Civilis, secundum ordinem Institutionum.

Hein. Elem. Juris. Nat. Heineccii, Elementa juris Naturae et gentium.

Hen on For. Law. Henry on Foreign Law.

Hen. J. P. Henning's Virginia Justice of the Peace.

hen. & Munf. Henning & Munford's Reports.

Herne's Ch. Uses. Herne's law of Charitable Uses.

Herne's Plead. Herne's Pleader.

het. Hetley's Reports.

Heyw. on El. Heywood on Elections.

Heyw. *N.C.) R. Heywood's North Carolina Reports.

Heyw. (Tenn.) R. Heywood's Tennessee Reports.

High. Highmore.

High on Bail. Highmore on Bail.

High. on Lun. Highmore on Lunacy.

High. on Mortm. Highmore on ortmain.

Hill. Ab. Hilliard's Abridgment of the Law of Real Property.

Hill's R. Hill's Reports.

Hill's Ch. R. Hill's Chancery Reports.

Hill on Trust. A Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Trustees, &c.

Hind's Pr. Hind's Practice.

Hob. Hobart's Reports.

Hodg. R. Hodge's Reports.

Hodges on Railw. Hodges on the Law of Railways.

Hoffm. Outl. Hoffman's Outlines of Legal Studies.

Hoffm. Leg. St. Hoffman's Legal Studies.

Hoffm. Ch. Pr. Hoffman's Chancery Practice.

Hoffm. Mas. Ch. Hoffman's master in Chancery.

Hoffm. R. Hoffman's Reports.

Hog. R. Hogan's Reports.

Hog. St. Tr. Hogan's State Trials.

Holt on Lib. Holt on the Law of Libels.

Holt on Nav. Holt on Navigation.

Holt. R. Holt's Reports.

Holt on Sh. Holt on the Law of Shipping.

Hopk. R. Hopkins' Chancery Reports.

Hopk. Adm. Dec. Hopkinson's Admiralty Decisions.

Houard's Ang. Sax. Laws. Houard's Anglo Saxon laws and Ancient Laws ofthe

French.

Houard's dict. Houard's Dictionary of the Customs of normandy.

Hough C. M. Hough on Courts Martial.

Hov. Fr. Hovenden on Frauds.

Hov. Supp. Hovenden's Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.

How. St. Tr. Howell's State Trials.

Howe's Pr. Howe's Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Massa-

chusetts.

How. Pr. R. Howard's Practice Reports.

Hub. on Suc. Hubback on Successions.

Huds. & Bro. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.

Hugh. Ab. Hughes' Abridgment.

Hugh. Entr. Hughes' Entries.

Hugh. on Wills. Hughes on Wills.

Hugh. R. Hughes' Reports.

Hugh. Or. Writs. Hughes' Comments upon Original Writs.

Hugh. Ins. Hughes on Insurance.

Hugh. on Wills. Hughes' Practical Directions for Taking Instructions for Draw-

ing Wills.

Hull. on Costs. Hullock on the Law of Costs.

Hult. on Conv. Hulton on Convictions.

Humph. R. Humphrey's Reports.

Hume's com. Hume's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Hut. Hutton's Reports.

I. The Institutes of Justinian (q.v.) are sometimes cited, I.1, 3, 4.

I. Infra, beneath or below.

Ib. Ibidem.

Ictus. Jurisconsultus. This abbreviation is usually written with an I, though

it would be more proper to write it with a J, the first letter of the word

Jurisconsultus; c is the initial letter of the third syllable, andtus is the

end of the word.

Id. Idem.

Il Cons. del Mar. Il Consolato del Mare. See Consolato del Mare, in the body

of the work.

Imp. Pr. C. P. Impey's Practice in the common Pleas.

Imp. Pr. K. B. Impey's Practice in the King's Bench.

Imp. Pl. Impey's Modern Pleader.

Imp. Sh. Impey's Office of Sheriff.

In f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted.

In pr. In principio, in the beginning and before the first paragraph of a law.

In princ. In principio. In the beginning .

In sum. Insumma, in the summary.

Ind. Index.

Inf. Infra, beneath or below.

Ing. Dig. Ingersoll's Digest of the laws of the United States.

Ing. Roc. Ingersoll's Roccus.

Ingr. on Insolv. Ingraham on Insolvency.

Inj. Injunction.

Ins. Insurance.

Inst. Coke on Littleton, is cited Co. Lit. or 1 Inst., for First Institute.

Coke's magna Charta, is cited Co. M.C. or 2 Inst., for Second Institute.

Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown, is cited 3 Inst., for Third Institute.

Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts, is cited 4 Inst., for Fourth Institute.

Inst. Institutes. When the Institutes of Justinian are cited, the citation is

made thus; Inst. 4, 2, 1; or Inst. lib. 4, tit. 2, l. 1; to signify In

stutues, book 4, tit. 2, law 1. Coke's Institutes are cited, the first, ei-

ther Col Lit. or 1 Inst., and the others 2 Inst., 3 Inst., and 4 Inst.

Inst. Cl. or Inst. Cler. Instructor Clericalis.

Inst. Jur. Angl. Institutiones Juris Anglicani, by Doctor Cowell.

Introd. Introduction.

Ir. Eq. R. Irish Equity Reports.

Ir. T. R. Irish Term Reports. Sometimes cited Ridg. Irish. T. R. (q.v.)

J. Justice.

J. institutes of Justinian.

J. C. Juris Consultus.

J. C. P. Justice ofthe common Pleas.

J. Glo. Juncta Glossa, the Gloss joined to the text quoted.

J. J. Justices.

J. J. Marsh. J.J. Marsha''s (Kentucky) Reports.

J. K. B. Justice of the King's Bench.

J. P. Justice of the Peace.

J. Q. B. Justice ofthe Queen's Bench.

J. U. B. Justice of the Upper Bench. During the Commonwealth of the English

Court ofthe King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.

Jac. Jacobus, James; as, 4 Jac. 1, c. 1.

Jac. Introd. Jacob's Introduction to the Comm, Civil, and Canon Law.

Jac. L. D. Jacob's law Dictionary.

jac. L. G. Jacob's law Grammar.

Jac. Lex. Mer. jacob's Lex Mercatoria, or the Merchant's Companion.

Jac. R. Jacob's Chancery Reports.

Jac. & Walk. Jacob & Walker's Chancery Reports.

Jack. Pl. Jackson on Pleading.

Jarm. on Wills. Jarman on the Law of Wills.

Jarm. Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises, with Notes by Jarman.

Jebb's Ir. Cr. Cas. Jebb's Irish Criminal Cases.

Jeff. Man. Jefferson's Manual.

Jeff. R. Thomas Jefferson's Reports.

Jenk. Jenkins' Eight Centuries of Reports; or Eight Hundred Cases solemnly

adjudged in the Exchequer Chamber, or upon Writs of Error, from K. Henry

III, to 21 K. James I.

Jer. Jeremy.

Jer. on Carr. Jeremy's Law of Carriers.

Jer. Eq. Jur. Jeremy on the Equity Jurisdiction of the High Court of Chancery.

Jer. on Cor. Jervis on Coroners.

John. Cas. Johnson's Cases.

John. R. Johnson's Reports.

John. Ch. R. Johnson's Chancery Reports.

John. Eccl. Law. Johnson's Ecclesiastical Law.

Johns. Civ. L. of Sp. Johnson's Civil Law of Spain.

Johns. on Bills. The Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Checks, & c.,

by Cuthbert W. Johnson.

Jon. Sir Wm. Jones' Reports.

Jon. & Car. Jones and Carey's Reports.

Jon. on Lib. Jones, De Libellis Famosis, or the Law of Libels.

Jon. Inst. HInd. L. Jones' Institutes of Hindoo Laws.

Jon. (1) Sir W. Jones' Reports.

Jon. (2) Sir T. Jones' Reports.

Jon. T. Thomas Jones' REports.

Jon. oon Bailm Lones' Law of Bailments.

Jones' Intr. Jones' Introduction to Legal Science.

Joy on Ev. Acc. Joy on the Evidence of Accomplices.

Joy on Chal. Joy on Challenge to Jurors.

Joy Leg. Ed. Joy on Legal Education.

Jud. Chr. Judicial Chronicle.

Jud. Repos. Judicial Repository.

Judg. Judgments.

Jr. Eccl. Jura Ecclesiastica, or a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Law and

Courts, interspersed with various cases of Law and Equity.

Jr. Mar. Molloy's Jure Maritimo. Sometimes cited Molloy.

Jus. Nav. Thod. Jus Navale Thodiorum.

Just. Inst. Justinian's Institutes.

K. B. King's Bench.

K. C. R. Reports in the time of Chancellor King.

K.& O. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.

Kames on Eq. Kames' Principles of Equity.

Kames' Ess. Kames' Essays.

Kames' Hist. L. T. Kames' HIstorical Law Tracts.

Keat. Fam. Settl. Keating on Family Settlements.

Keb. Keble's Reports.

Keb. Stat. Keble's English Statutes.

Keen's R. Keen's Reports.

Keil or Keilw. Keilways' Reports.

Kel. Sir John Kelyng's Reports.

Kel. 1,2, or W. Kel. William Kelyng's Reports, two parts.

Kelh. Norm L. D. Kelham's Norman French Law Dictionary.

Kell. R. Kelly's Reports.

Ken. on Jur. Kennedy on Juries.

Kent. Com. Kent's Commentaries on American Law.

Keny. Kenyon's Reports of the Court of King's Bench.

Kit. or Kitch. Kitchen on Courts.

Kna.& Omb. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.

Knapp's A. C. Knapp's Appeal Cases.

Knapp's R. Knapp's Privy Council Reports.

Kyd on Aw. Kyd on the Law of Awards.

Kyd on Bills. Kyd on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange.

Kyd on Corp. Kyd on the Law of Corporations.

L, in citation means law, as L. 1, 33. Furtum, ff de Furtis, i.e. law 1, section or paragraph beginning with the word Furtum; ff, signifies the Digest, and the words de Furtis denote the title. L. signifies also liber, book.

L.& G. Lloyd's & Goold's Reports.

L.& W. Lloyd & welshy's Mercantile Cases.

LL. Laws, as LL. Gul. 1, c. 42. Laws of William I. chapter 42; LL. of U.S.,

Laws of the United States.

L.S. Locus sigili.

L.R. Louisiana Reports.

La. Lane's REports.

Lalaure, des Ser. Traite des Servitudes reelles, par M. laalaure.

Lamb. Archai. Lambard's Archaionomia.

Lamb. Eiren. Lambard's Eirenarcha.

Lamb. on Dow. Lambert on Dower.

Lat. Latch's Reprts.

Laus. on Eq. laussat's Essay on Equity Practice in Pennsylvania.

Law. on Chart. part. Lawes on the Law of Charter Parties.

Law. Lib. Law Library.

Law Rep. Law Reporter.

Laws Eccl. Law. Laws' Ecclesiastical Law.

Law Intel. Law Intelligencer.

Law Fr. & latin Dict. Law French and Latin Dictionary.

Law. Pl. lawes' Elementary Treatise on Pleading in Civil Actions.

Law. Pl. in Ass. Lawes' Treatise on Pleading in Assumpsit.

Laws of Wom. Laws of Women.

Lawy. Mag. lawyer's magazine.

Le. Ley's Reports.

Leach. Leach's Cases in Crown Law.

Lec. Elm. Lecons Elementaire du Driot Civil Romain.

Lee Abst. Tit. Lee on the Evidence of Abstracts of Title to REal Property.

Lee on Capt. Lee's Treatise of Captures in War.

Lee's Dict. Lee's Dictionary of Practice.

Lee's Eccl. R. Lee's Ecclesiastical Reports.

Leg. Bibl. Legal Bibliography, by J.G. Marvin.

Leg. Legibus.

Leg. Obs. Legal Observer.

Leb. Oler. The Laws of Oleron.

Leg. on Outl. Legge on Outlawry.

Leg. Rhod. The Laws of Thodes.

Leg. ult. The Last Law.

Leg. Wish. Lawas of Wishury.

Leigh & Dal. on Conv. Leigh & Dalzell on Conversion of Property.

Leigh's R. Leigh's Reports.

Leigh's N.P. Leigh's Nisi Prius.

Leo. or Leon. Leonard's Reports.

Lev. Levinz' Reports.

Lev. Ent. Levinz's Entries.

Lew. C. C. Lewin's Crown Cases.

Lew. Cr. Law. An Abridgment of the Criminal Law of the United States, by Ellis

Lewis.

Lew. on Tr. Lewin on Trusts.

Lew. on Perp. Lewin on the Law of Perpetuities.

Lex Man. Lex maneriorum.

Lex Mer. Lex Mercatoria.

Lex Mer. Am. Lex Mercatoria Americana.

Lex Parl. Lex Parliamentaria.

Ley. Ley's Reports.

Lib. Liber, book.

Libb. Ass. Liber Assisarum.

Lib. Ent. Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Feud. Liber Feudorum.

Lib. Intr. Liber Intrationum; or Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Nig. Liber Niger.

Lib. Pl. Liber Placitandi.

Lib. Reg. Register Books.

Lib. Rub. LIber Ruber.

Lib. Ten. Liberum Tenementum.

Lid. Jud. Adv. Liddel's Detail of the Duties of a Deputy Judge Advocate.

Lill. Entr. Lilly's Entries.

Lill. Reg. Lilly's Register.

Lill. Rep. Lilly's Reports.

Lill. Conv. Lilly's conveyancer.

Lind. Lindewooode's Provinciale; or Provincial Constitutions of England, with

the Legantine Constitutions of Otho and Othobond.

Litt. s. Littleton, section.

Litt. R. Littell's Reports.

Litt. Rittleton's Reports.

Litt. Sel. Cas. Littell's Select Cases.

Litt. Ten. Littleton's Tenures.

Liv. Livre, book.

Liv. on Ag. Livermore on the Law of Principal and Agent.

Liv. Syst. Livingston's System of Penal Law for the State of Louisiana. This

work is sometimes cited Libingston's Report on the Plan of a Penal Code.

Liverm. Diss. Livermore's dissertations on the Contrariety of Laws.

Llo.& Go. Lloyd & Goold's Reports.

Llo.& Go. t. Sudg. Lloyd & Goold's Reports, during the time of Sugden.

Llo.& Go. t. Plunk. Lloud & Goold during the time of Plunkett.

Llo.& Welsh. Lloyd & Welshy's Reports of Cases relating to Commerce, Manufac-

tures, &c., determined in the Courts of Common Law.

Loc. cit. Loco citato, the place cited.

Log. Comp. Compendium of the Law of England, Scotland, and Ancient Rome, by James Logan.

Lofft. Lofft's Reports.

Lois des Batim. Lois des Batimens.

Lom. Dig. Lomax's Digest of the Law of Real Property in the United States.

Lom. Ex. Lomax on Executors.

Long. Quint. Year Book, part 10 Vide Year Book.

Louis Code. Civil Code of Louisiana.

Louis. R. Louisiana Reports.

Lovel. on Wills. Lovelass on Wills.

Lown. Leg. Lowndes on the Law of Legacies.

Lube, Pl. Eq. An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading, by D. G. Lube.

Luder's elec. Cas. Luder's Election Cases.

Luml. Ann. Lumley on Annuities.

Luml Parl. Pr. Lumley's Parliamentary Practice.

Luml on Settl. Lumley on Settlements and Removal.

Lut. Ent. Lutwyche's entries.

Lutw. Lutwyches' Reports.

M. Michaelmas Term.

M. Maxim, or Maxims.

M. Jary; as 4 Mary st.3, c.1.

M.& A. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports of Cases of Bankruptcy.

M.& B. Montagu and bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.

M.& C. Mylne & Craig's Reports.

M.& C. Montagu & Chittys' Reports.

M.& G. Manning & Granger's Reports.

M.& G. Maddock & Geldart's Reports.

M.G.& S. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.

M.& K. Mylne & Keen's chancery Reports.

M.& M. or Mo.& Malk. Rep. Moody & Malkin's Nisi Prius Reports.

M. P. Exch. Modern Practice Exchequer.

M.& P. Moore & Payne's Reports.

M.R. Master ofthe Rolls.

M. R. Martin's Reports of the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana.

M.& R. Manning & Ryland's Reports.

M.& S. Moore & Scott's Reports.

M.& S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.

M.& Y. or Mart. & Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.

M.& W. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.

M. D.& G. Montagu, Daecon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

M'Arth. C. M. M'Arthur on Courts Martial.

M'Cl & Yo. M'Clelland & Younge's Exchequer Reports.

M'Clel. E. R. M'Clelland's Exchequer Reports.

M'Cord's Ch. R. M'Cord's Chancery Reports.

M'Cord's R. M'Cord's Reports

M'Kin. Phil. Ev. M'Kinnon's Philosophy of Evidence.

M'Naght. C. M. M'Naghton on Courts Martial.

McLean & Rob. McLean & Robinson's Reports.

M'Lean R. M'Lean's Reports.

Macn. on Null. Macnamara on Nullities nad Irregularities in the Practice of

the Law.

macnal. Ev. Macnally's Rules of Evidence on Pleas oft he Crown.

Macph. on Inf. Macpherson on Infants.

Macq. on H.& W. Macqueen on Hushand and Wife.

Mad. Exhc. Madox's History ofthe Exchequer.

Mad. Form. Madox's Formulare Anglicanum.

Madd.& Geld. Maddock's & Geldart's Reports.

Madd., Madd. R. Maddock's chancery REports.

Madd. Pr. or Madd. Ch. Maddock's Chancery Practice.

Mag. Ins. Magens on Insurance.

Mal. Malyne's Lex Mercatoria.

Man. Manuscript.

Man.& Gra. Manning & Granger's Reports.

man. Gr.& Sc. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.

Man.& Ry. Manning & Ryland's Reports.

Manb. on Fines. Manby on Fines.

Man. Comm. Manning's Commentaries of the Law of Nations.

Mann. Exch. Pr. Manning's Exchequer Practice.

mans. on Dem. Mansel on Demurrers.

Mans. on Lim. Mansel of the Law of Limitations.

Manw. Manwood's Forest Laws.

mar. Mritime.

mar. N.C. March's New Cases.

Mar. R. march's Reports.

Marg. margin.

Marr. Adm. Dec. Marriott's Admiralty Decisions.

Marr. Form. Inst. marriott's Formulare Instrumentorum; or a Formulary of

Authentic Instruments, Writs, and Standing orders used in the Court of

Admiralty of Great Britain, of Prize and Instance.

Marsh. Marshall's Reports in the Court of Common Pleas. A. Marsh. Marshall's

(Kty.) Reports. J. J. Marsh. J. J. Marshall's Reports. Marsh. Ins. Marshall

on the Law of Insurance.

Marsh. Decis. Brockenbrought's Reports of Chief JUstice marshall's Decisions.

Mart. law Nat. Martin's Law of Nations.

Mart. (N.C.) R. Martin's North Carolina Reports.

Mart. (Lo.) R. Martin's Louisiana Reports.

Marv. Leg. Bibl. Marvin's Legal Bibliography.

Mart.& Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.

Mart. N. S. Martin's Louisiana Reports, new series.

Sason R. mason's circuit Court Reports.

Mass. R. Massachusetts Reports.

Math. on Pres. Mathew on the Doctrine of Presumption and Presumptive Evidence.

Matth. on Prt. Matthews on Portion.

Matth. on Ex. Matthews on Executors.

maugh. Lit. Pr. Maughan on Literary Property.

Maule & Selw. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.

Max. Maxims.

Maxw. L. D. Maxwell's Dictionary of the Law of Bills of Exchange, & c.

Maxw. on Mar. L. Laxwell's Spirit of the Marine Laws.

Mayn. Maynard's Reports. See Year Books in the body of the work. The first

part of the Y. B. is sometimes so cited.

Med. Jr. Medical Jurisprudence.

Mees. & Wels. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.

Meigs, R. Meigs' Tennessee Reports.

Mer. R. Merivale's Reports.

Merch. Dict. Merchant's Dictionary.

Merl. Quest. Merlin, Questions de Driot.

Merl. Repert. Merlin, Repertoire.

Merrif. Law of Att. Merrifield's Law of Attorneys.

Merrif. on Costs. Merrifield's Law of costs.

Metc. R. Metcalf's Reports.

Metc. & Perk. Dig. Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Common Law and

Admiralty in the United States. By Theron Metcalf and Jonathan C. Perkins.

Mich. Michaelmas.

Mich. Rev. St. Michigan Revised Statutes.

Miles' R. Miles' Reports.

Mill. Civ. Law. Miller's civil Law.

Mill. Ins. Millar's Elements of the Law relating to Insurances. Sometimes this

work is cited Mill. El.

Mill. on Eq. Mort. Miller on Equitable Mortgages.

Minor's Rep. Minor's Alabama Reports, sometimes cited Ala. Rep.

Mirch. onAdv. Mirehead on Advowsons.

Mirr. Mirroir des Justices.

Misso. R. Missourti Reports.

Mitf. Pl. Mitford's Pleadings in Equity. Also cited Redead. Pl. Redesdale's

Pleadings.

MO. Sir Francis Moore's Reports in the reign of K. Henry VIII., Q. Elizabeth,

and K. James.

Mo.& Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.

Mo. C. C. Moody's Crown Cases.

Mo. Cas. Moody's Nisi Prius and Crown Cases.

Mod. or Mod. R. Modern Reports.

Mod. Cas. Modern Cases.

Mod. C. L.& E. Modern Cases in Law and Equity. The 8 & 9 Modern Reports are

sometimes so cited; the 8th cited as the 1st, and the 9th as the 2d.

Mod. Entr. Modern entries.

Mod. Int. Modus Intrandi.

Mol. Molloy, De jure Miartimo.

Moll. R. Molloy's chancery Reports.

Monr. R. Monroe's Reports.

Mont. & Ayrt. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports.

Mont. B. C. Montagu's Bankrupt Cases.

Mont. & Bligh. Montagu & Bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.

Mont. & Chit. Montagu & Chitty's Reports.

Mont. on Comp. Montagu on the Law of Composition.

Mont. B. L. Montagu on the Bankrupt Laws.

Mont. on Set-off. Montagu on Set-off.

Mont. Deac. & Gex. Montagu, Deacon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy,

argued and determined in the Court of Review, and on Appeals to the Lord

Chancellor.

Mont. Dig. Montagu's digest of Pleadings in EQuity.

Mont. Eq. Pl. Montagu's Equity Pleading.

Mont. & Mac. Montagu & MacArthur's Reports.

Mont. Sp. of Laws. Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws.

Montesq. Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois.

Moo. & Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.

Moo. & Rob. Moody & Robinson's Reports.

Moore, R. J. B. Moore's Reports of Cases decided in the Court of Common Pleas.

Moore's A. C. Moore's Appeal Cases.

Moore & Payne. Moore & Payne's Reports of Cases in C. P.

Moore & Scott. Moore & Scott's Reports of Cases in C. P.

Mort. on Vend. Morton's law of Vendors and Purchasers of Chattels Personal.

Mos. Mosely's Reports.

MSS> Manuscripts; as, Lord Colchester's MSS>

Much. D.& S. Muchall's Doctor and Student.

Mun. Municipal.

Munf. R. Munford's Reports.

Murph. R. Murphy's Reports.

My. & Keen. Mylne & Keen's Chancery Reports.

Myl.& Cr. Mylne & Craig's Reports.

N. Number.

N. or Nov. Novellae: the Novels.

N. A. Non allocatur.

N. B. Nulla bona.

N. Benl. New Benloe.

N. C. Cas. North Carolina Cases.

N. C. Law Rep. North Carolina Law Repository.

N. C. Term R. North Carolina Term Reports. This volume is sometimes cited 2 Tayl.

N. Chipm. R. N. Chipman's Reports.

N. E. I. Non est Inventus.

N. H. Rep. New Hampshire Reports.

N. H. & G. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.

N. L. Nelson's editon of Lutwyche's Reports.

N. L. Non liquet. Vide Ampliation.

N.& M. Neville & Manning's Repors.

N.& P. Neville & Perry's Reports.

N. P. Nisi Prius.

N.& M'C. Nott & M'Cord's Reports.

N. R. or New R. New Reports; the new series, or 4 & 5 Bos. & Pull. Reports, are usually cited N. R.

N. S. New Series of the Reports of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.

N. Y. R. S. New York Revised Statutes.

Nar. Conv. Nares on Convictions.

Neal's F.& F. Neal's Feasts and Fasts; an Essay on the Rise, Progress and

Present State of the Laws relating to Sundays and other Holidays, and other

days of fasting.

Nels. Ab. Nelson's Abridgment.

Nels. Lex Maner. Nelson's Lex Maneriorum.

Nels. R. Nelson's Reports.

nem. con. Nemine contradicente, (q.v.)

Nem. Dis. nemine dissentiente.

Nev. & Mann. Neville & Manning's Reports.

nev. & Per. Neville & Perry's Reports.

New Benl. Benloe's Reports. Reports in the Reign of Henry VIII., Edw. VI.,'

Phil. and Mary, and Elizabeth, and other Cases in the times of Charles. By

William Benloe. See Benl.

New Rep. new Reports. A continuation of Bosanquet & Puller's Reports.

See B.& P.

Newf. Rep. Newfoundland Reports.

newl. Contr. Newland's Treatise on Contracts.

Newl. Ch. Pr. Newland's Chancery Practice.

Newn. Conv. Newnam on Conveyancing.

Ni. Pri. Nisi Pirus.

Nich. Adult. Bast. Nicholas on Adulterine Bastardy.

Nich. Har. & Gar. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.

Nient Cul. Nient Culpable, old French, not guilty.

Nol. P. L. Nolan's Poor Laws.

Nol. R. Nolan's Reports of Cases relative to the Duty and Office of Justice of

the Peace.

Non Cul. Non culpabilis, not guilty.

North. Northington's Reports.

Nott.& M'cord. Nott & M'Cord's reports.

Nov. Novellae, the Novels.

Nov. REc. Novisimi Recopilacion de las Leyes de Espana.

Noy's Max. Nou's Maxims.

Noy's R. Noy's Reports.

O. Benl. Old Benloe.

O. Bridg. Orlando Bridgman's Reports.

O. C. Old Code: so is denominated the Civil Code of Louisiana, 1808.

O. N. B. Old Natura Brevium. Vide Vet. N. B., in the abbreviations, and "Old

Natura Brevium," in the body of the work.

O. Ni. These letters, which are an abbreviation for overatur nisis habent

sufficientem exonerationem, are, according tot he practice of the English

Exchequer, marked upon each head of a Sheriff's account for issues, amercia-

ments and mean profits. 4 Inst. 116.

Oblig. Obligations.

Observ. Observations.

Off. Office.

Off. Br. Officina Brevium.

Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executors.

Ohio R. Ohio Reports.

Oldn. Oldnall's Welsh Practice.

Onsl. N. P. Onslow's Nisi Prius.

Ord. Anst. Ordinance of Amsterdam.

Ord. Antw. Ordinance of Antwerp.

Ord. Bilb. Ordinance of Bilboa.

Ord. Ch. Orders in Chancery.

Ord. Cla. Lord Clarendon's Orders.

Ord. Copenh. Ordinance of Copenhagen.

Ord. Cor. Orders of Court.

Ord. Flor. Ordinances of Florence.

Ord. Gen. Ordinance of Genoa.

Ord. Hamb. Ordinance of Hamburgh.

Ord. Konigs. Ordinance of Konigsherg.

Ord. Leg. Ordinances of Leghorn.

Ord. de la Mar. Ordonnance de la marine, de Louis XIV.

Ord. Prot. Ordinances of Portugal.

Ord. Prus. Ordinances of Prussia.

Ord. Rott. Ordinances of Rotterdam.

Ord. Swed. Ordinances of Sweden.

Ord. on Us. Ordinances on the Law of Usury.

Orfil. Med. Jur. Orfila's Medical Jurisprudence.

Orig. Original.

Oought. Oughton's Ordo Judiciorum.

Overt. R. Overton's Reports.

Ow. owen's Reports.

Owen, Bankr. Owen on Bankruptcy.

P. Page or part. Pp. Pages.

P. Pachalis, Easter term.

P.C. Pleas of the Crown.

P.& D. Perry & Davison's Reports.

P.& K. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.

P.& M. PHilip and mary; as, 1 & 2 P.& M. c. 4.

P.N>P. Peake's Nisi Prius.

P. P. Propria persona; in his own person.

Pa. R. Pennsylvania Reports.

P. R. or P. R. C. P. Practical REgister in the Common Pleas.

P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports.

Paige's R. Paige's Chancery Reports.

Paine's R. Paine's Reports.

Pal. Palmer's Reports.

Pal. AG. Paley on the Law of Principal and Agent.

Pal. Conv. Paley on Convictions.

Palm. Pr. Lords. Palmer's Practice in the House of Lords.

Pand. Pandects. Vide Dig.

Par. Paragraph; as, 29 Eliz. cap. 5, par. 21.

Par.& Fonb. M. J. Paris & Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.

Pardess. Pardessus, Cours de Driot Commercial. In this work Pardessus is cited

in several ways, namely: Pardes. Dr. Com Part 3, tit. 1, c. 2, s. 4, n. 286;

or 2 Pardes. n. 286, which is the same reference.

Park on Dow. Park on Dower.

Park, Ins. Park on Insurance.

Park. R. Sir Thomas Parker's Reports of Cases concerning the Revenue, in the

Exchequer.

Park. on Ship. Parker on Shipping nad Insurance.

Parl. Hist. Parliamentary History.

Patch. on Mortg. Patch's Treatise on the Law of Mortgages.

Paul's Par. Off. Paul's Parish Officer.

Pay. Mun. Rights. Payne's Municipal Rights.

Peak. Add. Cas. Peake's Additional Cases.

Peak. C. N. P. Peake's Cases determined at Nisi Prius, and in the K. B.

Peake, Ev. Peake on the Law of Evidence.

Peck. R. Peck's Reports.

Peck's Tr. Peck's Trial.

Peckw. E. C. Peckwell's Election Cases.

Penn. Bl. Pennsylvania Blackstone, by John Read, Esq.

Penn. law Jo. Pennsylvania Law JOurnal.

Penn. R. Pennington's Reports. The Pennsylvania Reports are sometimes cited

Penn. R., but more properly, for the sake of distinction, Penna. R.

Penn. St. R. Pennsylvania State Reports.

Penna. Pr. Pennsylvania Practice; also cited Tro. & Hal. Pr., Troubat & Haly's

Practice.

Penna. R. Pennsylvania Reports.

Pennsylv. Pennsylvania Reports.

Penr. Anal. Penruddocke's Analysis ofthe Criminal Law.

Penult. The last but one.

Per.& Dav. Perry & Davison's Reports.

Per.& Knapp. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.

Perk. Perkins on conveyancing.

Perk. Prof. B. Perkins' Profitable Book.

Perpip. on Pat. Perpigna on Patents. The full title of this work is, "The

French Law and Practice of Patents for Inventions, Improvements, and

Importations. by A. Perpigna, A.M.L.B., Barrister in the Royal Court of

Paris, Member of the Society for the Encouragement of ARts, &c." The work is

well written in the English language. The author is a French lawyer, and has

written another work on the same subject in French.

Pet. Ab. Petersdorff's Abridgment.

Pet. Adm. Dec. Peters' Admiralty Decisions.

Pet. on Bail, or Petersd. on Bail. Petersdorff on the Law of Bail.

Pet. R. Peters' Supreme Court Reports.

Pet. C. C. R. Peters' Circuit Court Reports.

Petting. on Jur. Pettingal on Juries.

Phil. Ev. Phillips' Evidence.

Phil. Ins. PHillips on Insurance.

Phil. St. Tr. Phillips' State Trials.

Phill. Civ. and Can. Laws. Phillimore on the Study of the Civil and Canon

Law, considered in relation to the state, the church, and the universities,

and in connexion with the college of advocates.

Phill. on Dom. Phillimore on the Law of Domicil.

Phillim. or Phillim E. R. Phillimore' Ecclesiastical Reports.

Pick. R. Pickering's Reports.

Pig. Pigot on Recoveries.

Pike's Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Law

and Equity of the State of Arkansas. By Albert Pike. These Reports are cited

Ark. Rep.

Pitm. Prin. and Sur. Pitman on Principal and Surety.

Pl. Placitum or plea.

Pl. or Plow. or Pl. Com. Plowden's Commentaries, or Reports.

Plff. Plaintiff.

Platt on Cov. Platt on Law of Covenants.

Platt on Lea. Platt on Leases.

Pol. Pollexfen's Reports.

Poph. Popham's Reports. The cases at the end of Pophams' Reports are cited 2

Poph.

Port. R. Porter's Reports.

Poth. Pothier. The numerous works of Pothier are cited by abbreviating his

name Poth. and then adding the name of the treatise; the figures generally

refer to the number, as Poth. Ob. n. 100, which signifies Pothier's Treatise

on the Law of Obligations, number 100. Poth. du Mar. Pothier du Mariage.

Poth. Vente. Pothier Traite de Vente, & c. His Pandects, in 24 vols. are

cited Poth. Pand. with the book, title, law, & c.

Pott's L. D. Pott's Law Dictionary.

Pow. Powell.

Pow. Contr. Powell on Contracts.

Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises.

Pow. Mortg. Powell on Mortgages.

Pow. Powers. Powell on Powers.

Poyn. on M. and D. Poynter on the Law of Marriage and Divorce.

Pr. Principio. In pr. In principio; in the beginning.

Pr. Ex. Rep. or Price's E. R. Prices' Exchequer Reports.

Pr. Reg. Cha. Practical Register in Chancery.

Pr. St. Private Statute.

Pr. Stat. Private Statute.

Pract. Reg. C. P. Practical Register of the Common Pleas.

Pract. Reg. in Ch. Practical Register in Chancery.

Prat. on H.& W. Prater on the Law of Hushand and Wife.

Pref. Preface.

Prel. Preliminaire.

Prest. Preston.

Prest. on Est. Preston on Estates.

Prest. Abs. Tit. Preston's Essay on Abstracts of Title.

Prest. on Conv. Preston's Treatise on Conveyancing.

Prest. on Leg. Preston on Legacies.

Pri. Price's Reports.

Price's Ex. Rep. Price's Exchequer Reports.

Price's Gen Pr. Price's General Practice.

Prin. Principium, the beginning of a title or law.

Prin. Dec. Printed Decisions.

Priv. Lond. Customs or Privileges of London.

Pro. L. Province Laws.

Pro quer. Pro querentum, for the plaintiff.

Proct. Pr. Proctor's Practice.

Puff. Puffendorff's law of nature.

Q. Quaestione, in such a Question.

Q. B. Queen's Bench.

Q. B. R. Queen's Bench Reports, by Adolphus & Ellis. New series.

Q.t. Qui tam.

Qu. Quere.

Q. Van Weyt. Q. Van Weytsen on Average.

Q. Warr. Quo Warranto; (q.v.) The letters (q.v.) quod vide, which see, refer

to the article mentioned immediately before them.

Qu. Quaestione, in such a Question.

Quest. Questions.

Quinti Quinto. Year-book, 5 Henry V.

Quon. Attach. Quoniam Attachiamenta. See Dalr. F.L. 47.

R. Resolved, ruled, or repealed.

R. Richard; as, 2 R. 2, c. 1.

Rich. Rep. Richardson's (S.C.) Reports.

RC. Rescriptum.

R.& M. Russell and Milne's Reports.

R.& M. C. C. Ryan and Moody's Crown Cases.

R.& M. N. P. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Cases.

R.& R. Russell & Ryans' Criwn Cases.

R. M. Charlt. R. M. Charlton's Reports.

RS. Responsum.

R. S. L. Reading on Statute Law.

Ram on Judgm. Ram on the LAw relating to Legal Judgments

Rand. Perp. Randall on the Law of Perpetuities.

Rand. R. Randolph's Reports.

Rast. Rastall's Entries.

Rawle's R. Rawle's Reports.

Rawle, Const. Rawle on the Constitution.

Ray's Med. Jur. Ray's Medical Jurisprudence on Insanityh.

Raym. or, more usually, Ld. Raym. lrod Raymond's Reports. T. Raym. Sir Thomas

Raymond's Reports.

Re. Fa. lo. Recordari facias loquelam. Vide Refalo in the body of the work.

Rec. Recopilation.

Rec. Recorder; as, City Hall Rec.

Redd. on Mar. Com. Reddie's Historical View of hte Law of Maritime Commerce.

Redesd. Pl. Redesdale's Equity Pleading. This work is also and must usually

cited Mitf. Pl.

Reeves' H. E. L. Reeves' History of the English Law.

Reeves on Ship. Reeves on the Law of Shipping and Navigation.

Reeves on Des. Reeves on Descents.

Reg. Regula, rule.

Reg. Register.

Reg. Brev. Registrum Brevium, or Register of Writs.

Reg. Gen. Regulae Generales.

Reg. Jud. Registrum Judiciale.

Reg. Mag. Regiam Magestatem.

Reg. Pl. Regula Placitandi.

Renouard, des Brev. d'Inv. Traite des Brevets d'Invention, de Perfectionement,

et d'Importation, par Augustin Charles Renouard.

Rep. The Reports of Lord Coke are frequently cited 1 Rep., 2 Rep., &c. and

sometimes they are cited Co.

Rep. Repertoire.

Rep. Eq. Gilbert's Reports in Equity.

Rep. Q. A. Reports of Cases during the time of Queen Anne.

Rep. T. Finch. Reports tempore Finch.

Rep. T. Hard. Reports during the time of Lord Hardwicke.

Rep. T. Holt. Reports tempore Holt.

Rep. T. Talb. Reports of Cases decided during the time of Lord Talbot.

Res. Resolution. Teh cases reported in Coke's Reports, are divided into

resolutions on the different points of the case, and are cited 1 Res. &c.

Ret. Brev. Retorna Brevium.

Rev. St. or REv. Stat. REvised Statutes.

Rey, des Inst. de l'Anglet. Des Institutions Judiciaries de l'Angleterre comparees avec celles de la France. Par Joseph Rey.

Reyn. Inst. Institutions du Droit des Gens, &c. par Gerard de Reyneval.

Ric. Richard; as, 12 Ric. 2, c. 15.

Rice's Rep. Reports of Cases in Chancery argued and determined in the Court of

Appeals and Court of Error of South Carolina. By William Rice, State

Reporter.

Rich. Pr. C. P. Richardson's Practice in the Common Pleas.

Rich. Pr. K. B. Richardson's Practice in the King's Bench.

Rich Eq. R. Richardson's Equity Reports.

Rich. on Wills. Richardson on Wills.

Ridg. Irish. T. R. Ridgeway, Lapp & Schoales' Term Reports in the K.B.,

Dublin. Sometimes this is cited Ridg. L.& S.

Ridg. P. C. Ridgeway's Cases in Parliament.

Ridg. Rep. Ridgeway's Reports of Cases in K. B. and Chancery.

Ridg. St. Tr. Ridgeway's Reports of State Trials in Ireland.

Ril. Ch. Cas. Riley's chancery Cases.

Rob. Adm. REp. Robinson's Admiralty Reports.

Rob. Cas. Robertson's Cases in Parliament, from Scotland.

Rob. Dig. Robert's Digest of the English Statutes in force in Pennsylvania.

Rob. Entr. Robinson's Entries.

Rob. on Fr. Roberts on Frauds.

Rob. on Fraud. Conv. Roberts on Fraudulent Conveyances.

Rob. on Gavelk. Robinson on Gavelkind.

Rob. Lo. Rep. Robinson's Louisiana Reports.

Rob. Just. Robinson's Justice of the Peace.

Rob. Pr. Robinson's Practice in Suits at Law, in Virginia.

Rob. V. Rep. Robinson's (Virginia) Reports.

Rob. on Wills. Robert's Treatise on the Law of Wills and Codicils.

Roc. Ins. Roccus on Insurance. Vide Ing. Roc.

Rog. Eccl. Law. Rogers' Ecclesiastical law.

Rog. Rec. Roger's City Hall Recorder.

Roll. Rolle's Abridgment.

Roll. R. Rolle's Reports.

Rom. Cr. Law. Romilly's Observations on the Criminal Law of England, as it

relates to capital punishment.

Rop. on H.& W. A Treatise on the Law of Property, arising from the relation

between Hushand and Wife. By R. S. Donnison Roper.

Rop. Leg. Roper on Legacies.

Rop. on Revoc. Roper on Revocations.

Rosc. Roscoe.

Rosc. on Act. Roscoe on Actions relating to Real Property.

Rosc. Civ. Ev. Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence on the Trial of Actions

at Nisi Prius.

Rosc. Cr. Ev. Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.

Rosc. on Bills. Roscoe's Treatise on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange,

Promissory Notes, Banker's Checks, &c.

Rose's R. Rose's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

Ross on V.& P. Ross on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers.

Rot. Parl. Rotulae Parliamentariae.

Rowe's Sci. Jur. Rowe's Scintilla Juris.

Rub. or Rubr. Rubric, (q.v.)

Ruffh. Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.

Runn. Ej. Runnington on Ejectments.

Runn. Stat. Runnington's Statutes at Large.

Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Chancery Reports.

Rush. Rushworth's Collections.

Russ. Cr. Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Russ. on Fact. Russell on the Laws relating to Factors and Brokers.

Russ. R. Russell's Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Russ.& Ry. Russell & Ryan's Crown Cases.

Rutherf. Inst. Rutherford's Institutes of Natural Law.

Ry. F. Rymer's Foedera.

Ry.& Mo. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Reports.

Ry.& Mo. C. C. Ryan & Moody's Crown Cases.

Ry. MEd. Jur. Ryan on Medical Jurisprudence.

S. §, section.

S. B. Upper Bench.

S.& B. Smith & Batty's Reports.

S. C. Same Case.

S. C. C. Select Cases in Chancery.

S. C. Rep. South Carolina Reports.

S.& L. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.

S.& M. Shaw & Maclean's Reports.

S.& M. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided by the Superior

Court of Chancery of Mississippi.

S.& M. Err. & App. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases in the High Court of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi.

S. P. Same Point.

S.& R. Sergeant & Rawle's Reports.

S.& S. Sausse & Scully's Reports.

S.& S. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.

Sa.& Scul. Sausse & Scully's Reports.

Samdl. St. Pap. Sandler's State Papers.

Salk. Salkeld's Reports.

Sandf. Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of Chancery of

the State of New York, before the Hon. Lewis H. Sandford, Assistant vice

Chancellor of the First Circuit.

Sand. U.& T. Sanders on Uses and Trusts.

Sanf. on Ent. Sanford on Entails.

Sant. de Assoc. Santerna, de Asecurationibus.

Saund. Saunders' Reports.

Saund. Pl. & ev. Saunders' Treatise on the Law of Pleading and Evidence.

Sav. Saville's Reports.

Sav. Dr. Rom. Savigny, Driot Romain.

Sav. Dr. Rom. M. A. Savigny, Driot Romain au Moyen Age.

Sav. Hist. Rom. Law. Savigny's History of the Roman Law during the Middle

Ages. Translated from the German of Carl Von Savigny, by E. Cathcart.

Say. Costs. Sayer's Law of Costs.

Say. Sayer's Reports.

SC. Senatus consultum.

Scac. de Cam. Scaddia de Cambiis.

Scam. Rep. Scammon's Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme

Court of Illinois.

Scan. Mag. Scandalum Magnatum.

Sch.& Lef. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.

Scheiff. Pr. Scheiffer's Practice.

Schul. Aq. R. Schultes on Aquatic Rights.

Sci. Fa. Scire Facias.

Sci. fa. ad. dis. deb. Scire facias ad disprobandum debitum, (q.v.)

Scil. Scilicet, i.e. scire licet, that is to say.

Sco. N.R. Scott's new Reports.

Scott's R. Scott's Reports.

Scriv. Copyh. Scriven's Copyholds.

Seat. F. Ch. Seaton's Forms in Chancery.

Sec. Section.

Sec. Leg. Secundum legem; according to law.

Sec. Reg. Secundum regulam; according to rule.

Sedgw. on Dam. Sedgwick on Damages.

Sel. Ca. Chan. Select Cases in Chancery. Vide S. C. C.

Seld. mar. Cla. Selden's Mare Clausum.

Self. Tr. Selfridge's Trial.

Sell. Pr. Sellon's Practice in K. B. and C. P.

Selw. N. P. Selwyn's Nisi Prius.

Selw. R. Selwyn's Reports. These Reports are usually cited M.& S. Maule &

Selwyn's Reports.

Sem. or Semb. Semble, it seems.

Sen. Senate.

Seq. Sequentia.

Serg. on Att. Sergeant on the Law of Attachment.

Serg. Const. Law. Sergeant on constitutional Law.

Serg. on Land L. Sergeant on the Land Laws of Pennsylvania.

Serg.& Loub. Sergeant & Lowher's edition of the English Common Law Reports;

more usually cited Eng. Com. Law Rep.

Serg.& Rawle. or S.R. Reports of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of

Pennsylvania. By Thomas Sergeant and William Rawle, Jun.

Sess. Ca. Sessions Cases in K. B., chiefly touching Settlements.

Set. on Dec. Seton on Decrees.

Shaw & Macl. Shaw & Maclean's Reports.

Shelf. Lun. Shelford on Lunacy.

Shelf. on Mort. Shelford on the Law of Mortmain.

Shelf. on Railw. Shelford on Railways.

Shelf. on R. Pr. Shelford on Real Property.

Shep. To. Sheppard's Touchstone.

Shepl. R. Shepley's Reports.

Sher. Sheriff.

Show. P. C. Shower's Parliamentary Cases.

Show. R. Shower's Reports in the Court of King's Bench.

Shub. Jur. Lit. Shuback de Jure Littoris.

Sid. Siderfin's Reports.

Sim. Simon's Chancery Reports. In Con. C.R.

Sim.& Stu. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.

Skene, Ver. Sign. Skene de VerborumSignificatione; an explanation of terms,

difficult words, &c.

Skin. Skinner's Reports.

Skirr. Und.Sher. Skirrow's Complete Practical Under Sheriff.

Slade's Rep. Slade's Reports. More usually cited Vermont Reports.

Smed & Marsh. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided by the High

Court of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi.

Smith & Batty. Smith & Batty's Reports.

Smith's Ch. RPr. Smith's Chancery Practice.

Shith's For. Med. Smith's Forensic Medicine.

Smith's Hints. Smith's Hints for the Examination of Medical Witnesses.

Smith on M. L. Smith on Mercantile Law.

Sm. on Pat. Smith on the Law of Patents.

Smith's R. Smith's Reports in K. B., together with Cases in the Court of

Chancery.

Sol. Solutio, the answer to an objection.

South. Car. R. South Carolina Reports.

South. R. Southard's Reports.

Sp. of Laws. Spirit of Laws, by Montesquieu.

Spelm. Feuds. Spelman on Feuds.

Spel. Gl. Spelman's Glossary.

Spence on Eq. Jur. of Ch. Spence on the Equitable Jurisdiction of Chancery.

Spenc. R. Spencer's Reports.

Speers' Eq. Cas. Equity Cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals of South Carolina. By R. H. Speers.

Speers' Rep. Speers' Reports.

Ss. usually put in small letters, ss. Scilicet, that is to say.

St. or Stat. Statute.

St. Armand. Hist. Ess. St. Armand's Historical Essay on the Legislative Power

of England.

Stant. R. Stanton's Reports.

Stath. Ab. Statham's Abridgment.

St. Cas. Stillingfleet's Cases.

St. Tr. State Trials.

Stair's Inst. Stair's Inst. Stair's Institutions of the Law of Scotland.

Stallm. on Elec. & Sat. Stallman on Election and Satisfaction.

Stark. Starkie's Ev. Starkie on the Law of Evidence.

Stark. Cr. Pl. Starkie's Criminal Pleadings.

Stark. R. Starkie's Reports.

Stark. on Sl. Starkie on Slander and Libel.

Stat. Statutes.

Stat. Wes. Statute of Westminster.

Staunf or Staunf. P. C. Staunford's Pleas of the Crown.

Stearn. on R. A. Stearne on Real Actions.

Steph. Comm. Stephen's New Commentaries on the Law of England.

Steph. Cr. Law. Stephen on Criminal Law.

Steph. Pl. Stephen on Pleading.

Steph. Proc. Stephen on Procurations.

Steph. on Slav. Stephens on Slavery.

Stev. on Av. Stevens on Average.

Stev.& B. on Av. Stevens & Beneke on Average.

Stew. Adm. Rep. Stewart's Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court

of Vice Admiralty at Halifax.

Stew. R. Stewart's Reports.

Stew.& Port's. Stewart & Porter's Reports.

Story on Bail. Story's Commentaries on the Law of Bailments.

Story on Const. Story on the Constitution of the United States.

Story on Eq. Story's Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence.

Story's L. U. S. Story's edition of the Laws of the United States, in 3 vols.

The 4th and 5th volumes are a continuation of the same work by George

Sharswood, Esq.

Story on Partn. Story on Partnership.

Story on Pl. Story on Pleading.

Story, R. Story's Reports.

Str. Strange's Reports.

Stracc. de Mer. Straccha de Mercatura, Navibus Assecurationibus.

Strah. Dom. Straham's Translation of Domat's Civil Law.

Strob. R. Strobhart's Reports.

Stroud's Dig. Stroud's Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania.

Stuart's (L.C.) R. Reports of Caes in the Court of King's bench in the

Provincial Court of Appeals of Lower Canada, and Appeals before the Lords of

the Privy Council. By George O'Kill Stuart, Esq.

Sty. Style's Reports.

Sugd. Lett. Sugden's Letters.

Sugd., Sugd. Pow. Sugden on Powers.

Sugd. Vend. Sugden on Vendors.

Sull. Lect. Sullivan's Lectures on the Feudal Law, and the Constitution and

Laws of England.

Sull. on Land Tit. Sullivan's History of Land Titles in Massachusetts.

Sum. Summa, the Summary of a law.

Sumn. R. Sumner's Circuit Court Reports.

Supers. Supersedeas.

Supp. Supplement.

Supp. to Ves. Jr. Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.

Swan on Eccl. Cts. Swan on the Jurisdiction of Eccleciastical Courts.

Swanst. Swanston's Reports.

Sweet on Wills. Sweet's Popular Treatise on Wills.

Swift's Dig. Swift's Digest of the Laws of Connecticut.

Swift's Ev. Swift's Evidence.

Swift's Sys. Swift's System of the Laws of Connecticut.

Swinb. Swinburn on the Law of Wills andTestaments. This work is generally

cited by refernce to the part, book, chapter, &c.

Swinb. on Desc. Swinburne on the Law of Descents.

Swinb. on Mar. Swinburne on Marriage.

Swinb. on Spo. Swinburne on Spousals.

Sw. Swinburne on Wills.

Syst. Plead. System of Pleading.

T. Title.

T.& G. Tyrwhitt & Granger's Reports.

T.& P. Turner & PHillips' Reports.

T. Jo. Sir Thomas Jones' Reports.

T. L. Termes de la Ley, or Terms of the Law.

T. R. Term Reports. Ridgeway's Reports are sometimes cited Irish Tr.

T. R. Teste Rege.

T.& R. Turner & Russell's Chancery Reports.

T.& R. Turner & Russell's Reports.

T. R. E. or T. E. R. Tempore Regis Edwardi. This abbreviation is frequently

used in Domesday Book, and in the more ancient Law writers. See Tyrrel's

Hist. Eng., introd. viii. p. 49. See also Co. Inst. 86, a,where in a quota-

tion from Domesday Book, this abbreviation is interpreted Terra Regis Ed-

wardi; but in Cowell's Dict. verb. Reveland, it is said to be wrong.

T. Raym. Sir Thomas Taymond's Reports.

T. U. P. Chalt. T. U. P. Charlton's Reports.

Tait on Ev. Tait on Evidence.

Taml. on Ev. Tamlyn on Evidence, principally with reference to the Practice of the Court of Chancery, and in the Master's office.

Taml. R. Tamlyn's Reports of Cases decided in Chancery.

Taml. T. Y. Tamlyn on Terms for Years.

Tapia. Jur. Mer. Tratade de Jurisprudentia Mercantil.

Taunt. Taunto's Reports. Tayl. on Ev. Taylor on Evidence.

Tayl Cir. L. Taylor's Civil Law.

Tayl. Law glo. Taylor's Law Glossary.

Tayl. L.& T. Taylor's Treatise on the American Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Tech. Dict. Crabb's Technological Dictionary.

Thach. Crim. Cas. Thacher's Criminal Cases.

Th. Br. Thesaurus brevium.

Th. Dig. Theloall's Digest.

Theo. of Pres. Pro. Theory of Presumptive Proof.

Theo. Pres. Pro. Theory of Presumptive Proof, or an Inquiry into the Nature of

Circumstantial Evidence.

Tho. co. Litt. Coke upon Littleton' newly arranged on the plan of Sir Matthew

Hale's Analysis. By J. H. Thomas, Esq.

Thomp. on Bills. Thompson on Bills.

Tho. U. J. Thomas on Universal Jurisprudence.

Tidd's Pr. Tidd's Practice.

tit. Title.

Toll. Ex. Toller's Executors.

Toml. L. D. Tomlin's Law dictionary.

Toth. Tothill's reports.

Touchs. Sheppard's Touchstone.

Toull. Le Droit civil Francais suivant Pordre du Code; ouvrage dans lequel on

a tache de reunir la eorie a la practique. Par M. C. B. M. Toullier. This

work is sometimes cited Toull. Dr. Civ. Fr. liv. 3, t. 2, c. 1, n. 6; at

other times, 3 Toull. n. 86, which latter signifies vol. 3 of Toullier's

work, No. 86.

Tr. Eq. Treatise of Equity; the same as Fonblanque on Equity.

Traill, Med. Jur. Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence.

By Thomas Stewart Traill, M.D.

Treb. Jur. de la Med. Jurisprudence de la Medecine, de la Chirurgie, et de la

Pharmacie. Par Adolphe Trebuchet.

Trem. Termaine's Pleas of the Crown.

Tri. of 7 Bish. Trial of the Seven Bishops.

Tri. per Pais. Trials per Pais.

Trin. Trinity Term.

Tuck. Bl. Com. Blackstone's Commentaries, edited by Judge Tucker.

Turn. R. Turner's Reports of Cases determined in Chancery.

Turn.& Russ. Turner & Russell's Chancery Reports.

Tuck. Com. Tucker's Commentaries.

Turn.& Phil Turner & PHillips' Reports.

Tyl. R. Tyler's Reports.

Tyrw. Tyrwhitt's Exchequer Reports.

Tyrw.& Gra. Tyrwhitt & Granger's Reports.

Tyt. Mil. Law. Tytler's Essay on Military Law and the Practice of Military

Courts Martial.

U.S. United States of America.

U.S. Dig. United States Digest. See Metc.& Perk. Dig.

Ult. Ultimo, ultima, last, usually applied to last title, paragraph or law.

Umfrev. Off of Cor. Umfreville's Office of Coroner.

Under Sher. Under Sheriff, containing the office and duty of High Sheriff, Un-

der Sheriffs and Bailiffs.

Ux. et. Et uxor, et uxorem, and wife.

V. Versus, against; as AB. v. CD.

V. Versiculo, in such a verse.

V. Vide, see.

V. or v. Voce; as Spelm Gloss. v. Cancelarious.

V.& B. Vesey & Beames' Reports.

V. C. Vice Chancellor.

Vac. Voce, or Vocem.

V.& S. Vernon & Scriven's Reports.

Val. Com. Valin's Commentaries.

Van. Heyth. Mar. Ev. Van Heythuysen's Essay upon marine Evidence, in Courts of

Law and Equity.

Vand. Jud. Pr. Vanderlinden's Judicial Practice.

Vat. or Vattel. Battle's Law of Nations.

Vang. vaugnan's Reports.

Vend. Ex. Venditioni Exponas.

Ventr. Ventris' Reports.

Verm. R. Vermont Judges' Reports.

Vern. Vernon's Reports.

Vern.& Scriv. Vernon & Scriven's Reports of Cases in the King's Courts,

Dublin.

Verpl. Contr. Verplanck on Contracts.

Verpl. Ev. Verplanck on Evidence.

Ves. Vesey Senior's Reports.

Ves. Jr. Vesey Junior's Reports.

Ves.& Bea. Vesey & Beames' Reports.

Vet. N. B. Old Natura Brevium.

Vid. Vidian's Entries.

Vin. Ab. Viner's Abridgment.

Vin. Supp. Supplement ot Viner's Abridgment.

Vinn. Vinnius.

Viz. Videlicet, that is to say.

Vs. Versus.

W. 1, W. 2. Statutes of Westminster, 1 and2.

W. C. C. R. Washington's Circuit Court Reports.

W.& C. Wilson & Courtenay's Reports.

W. Jo. Sir William Jones' Reports.

W. Kel. William Kelynge's Reports.

W.& M. William and Mary.

W.& M. Rep. Woodbury & Minot's Reports.

W.& S. Wilson & Shaw's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.

Wigr. on Disc. Wigram on Discovery.

Walf. on Part. Walford's Treatise on the Law respecting Parties to Actions.

Walk. Ch. Ca. Walker's Chancery Cases.

Walk. Am. R. or Walk. Introd. Walker's Introduction to American Law.

Walk. R. Walker's Reports.

Wall. R. Wallace's Circuit Court Reports.

Ward, on Leg. Ward on Legacies.

Ware's R. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the District Court of the

United States, for the District of Maine.

Warr. L. S. Warren's Law Studies.

Wash. C. C. Washington's Circuit Court Reports.

Washb. R. Washburn's Vermont Reports.

Wat. Cop. Watkin's Copyhold.

Watk. Conv. Watking's Principles of conveyancing.

Wats. Cler. Law. Watson's Clergyman's Law.

Wats. on Arb. Watson on the Law of Arbitrations and Awards.

Wats. on Partn. Watson on the Law of Partnership.

Wats. on Sher. Watson on the Law relating to the office and duty of Sheriff.

Watt's R. Watt's Reports.

Watts & Serg. Watts & Sergeant's Reports.

Welf. on Eq. Plead. Welford on Equity Pleading.

Wellw. Ab. Wellwood's Abridgment of Sea Laws.

Wend. R. Wendell's Reports.

Wentw. Wentworth.

Wentw. Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executor.

Wentw. Pl. Wentworth's System of Pleading.

Wesk. Ins. Weskett on the Law of Insurance.

West's Parl. Rep. West's parliamentary Reports.

West's Rep. West's Reports of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke.

West's Symb. West's Symboliography, or a description of instruments and prece-

dents, 2 parts.

Westm. Westminister;

Westm. I. Westminister primer.

Weyt. on Av. Quintin Van Weytsen on Average.

Whart. Cr. Law. Wharton on the Criminal Law of the United States.

Whart. Dig. Wharton's Digest.

Whart. Law Lex. Wharton's Law Lexicon, or Dictionary of Jurisprudence.

Whart. R. Wharton's Reports.

Wheat. Wheaton.

Wheat. R. Wheatons' Reports.

Wheat. on Capt. Wheaton's Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes.

Wheat. Hist. of L. of N. Wheaton's History of the Law of Nations in Europe and

America.

Wheel. Ab. Wheeler's Abridgments.

Wheel Cr. Cas. Wheeler's Criminal Cases.

Wheel on Slav. Wheeler on Slavery.

Whish. L. D. Whishaw's Law Dictionary.

Whit. on Liens. Whitaker on the Law of Liens.

Whit. on Trans. Whitaker on Stoppage in Transitu.

White's New Coll. A New Collections of the Laws, Charters, and Local

Ordinances of the Governments of Great Britain, France, Spain, &c.

Whitm. B. L. Whitmarsh's Bankrupt Law.

Wicq. L'Ambassadeur et ses fonctions, par de Wicquefort.

Wightw. Wightwich's Reports in the Exchequer.

Wilc. on Mun. Cor. Wilcock on Municipal Corporations.

Wilc. R. Wilcox's Reports.

Wilk Leg. Ang. Sax. Wilkin's leges Anglo-Saxionicae.

Wilk. on Lim. Wilkinson on Limitations.

Wilk on Publ. Funds. Wilkinson on the Law relating to the Public Funds,

including the Practice of Distringas, &c.

Wilk. on Repl. Wilkinson on the Law of Replevin.

Will. Auct. Williams on the Law of Auctions.

Will. on Eq. Pl. Willis' Treatise on Equity Pleadings.

Will. on Inter. Willis on Interrogatories.

Will. L. D. Williams' Law Dictionary.

Will. Per. Pr. Williams' Principles of the Law of Personal Property.

Will. (P.) Rep. Peere Williams' Reports.

Willc. Off. of Const. Willcock on the Office of Constable.

Willes' R. Willes' Reports.

Wills on Cir. Ev. Wills on Circumstantial Evidence.

Wils. on uses. Wilson on Springing Uses.

Wilm on Mortg. Wilmot on Mortgages.

Wilm. Judg. Wilmot's NOtes of Opinions and Judgments.

Wils. on Arb. Wilson on Arbitration.

Wils. Ch. R. Wilson's Chancery Reports.

Wils.& Co. Wilson & courtenay's Reports.

Wils. Ex. R. Wilson's Exchequer Reports.

Wils.& Sh. Wilson & Shaw's Reports decided by the House of Lords.

Wils. R. Wilson's Reports.

Win. Winch's Entries.

Win. R. Winch's Reports.

Wing. Max. Wingate's MAxims.

Wins. JUst. Williams' Justice.

Wms. R., more usually, P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports.

Wolff. Inst. Wolffius Institutiones Juris Naturae.

Wood's Inst., or Wood's Inst. Com.. L. Wood's Institutes of the Common Law of

England.

Wood's Inst. Civ. Law. Wood's Institutes of the Civil Law.

Wood & Min. Rep. Woodbury and Minot's Reports.

Woodes. Wooddesson.

Woodes. El Jur. Woodesson's Elements of Jurisprudence.

Woodes. Lect. Wooddesson's Vinerian Lectures.

Woodf. L. and T. Woodfall on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Woodm. R. Woodman's Reports of Criminal Cases tried in the Municipal Court of

the City of Boston.

Wool. Com. L. Woolrych's commercial Law.

Wool. L. W. Woolrych's law of Waters.

Woolr. on Com. Law. Woolrych's Treatise on the Commercial and Mercantile Law

of England.

Wool. on Ways. Woolrych on Ways.

Worth. on Jur. Worthington's Inquiry into the Power of Juries to decide

incidentally on Questions of Law.

Worth. Pre. Wills. Worthington's GeneralPrecedents for Wills, with practical

notes.

Wright's R. Wright's Reports.

Wright, Fr. Soc. Wright on Friendly Societies.

Wright, Ten. Sir Martin Wright's Law of Tenures.

Wy. Pr. Reg. Wyatt's Practical REgister.

X. The decretals of Gregory the ninth are denoted by the letter X, thus, X.

Y. B. Year Books, (q.v.)

Y.& C. Younge & Collyer's Exchequer Reports.

Y.& C. N. C. Younge & Collyer's New Cases.

Y.& J. Younge & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.

Yeates, R. Yeates' Reports.

Yearb. Year Book.

Yelv. Yelverton's Reports.

Yerg. R. Yerger's Reports.

Yo.& Col. Younge & Collyer's Exchequer Reports.

Yo.& Col. N. C. Younge and Collyer's New Cases.

Yo. Rep. Younge's Reports.

Yo.& Jer. Younge & Jervis' Reports.

Zouch's Adm. Zouch's Jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England, asserted.

ABBREVIATORS, eccl. law. Officers whose duty it is to assist in drawing up the Pope's briefs, and reducing petitions into proper form, to be converted into Papal Bulls. Vide Bulls.

ABBROCHMENT, obsolete. The forestalling of a market or fair.

ABDICATION, government. 1. A simple renunciation of an office, generally understood of a supreme office. James II. of England; Charles V. of Germany; and Christiana, Queen of Sweden, are said to have abdicated. When James III of England left the kingdom, the Commons voted that he had abdicated the government, and that thereby the throne had become vacant. The House of Lords preferred the word deserted, but the Commons thought it not comprehensive enough, ofr then, the king might have the liberty of returning. 2. When inferior magistrates decline or surrender their offices, they are said to make a resignation. (q.v.)

ABDUCTION, crim. law. The carrying away of any person by force or fraud. This is a misdemeanor punishable by indictment. 1 East, P.C. 458; 1 Russell, 569. The civil remedies are recaption, (q.v.) 3 Inst. 134; Hal. Anal. 46; 3 Bl. Com 4; by writ of habeas corpus; and an action of trespass, Fitz. N. B. 89; 3 Bl. Com 139, n. 27; Roscoe, Cr. Ev. 193.

ABEARANCE. Behaviour; as, a recognizance to be of good abearance, signifies to be of good behaviour. 4 Bl. Com.,251, 256.

ABEREMURDER, obsolete. An apparent, plain, or downright murder. It was used to distinguish a wilful murder, from a chance-medley, or manslaughter. Spelman; Cowell; Blount.

TO ABET, crim. law. To encourage or set another on to commit a crime. This word is always taken in a bad sense. To abet another to commit a murder, is to command, procure, or counsel him to commit it. Old Nat. Brev 21; Col Litt. 475.

ABETTOR, crim. law. One who encourages or incites, persuades or sets another on to commit a crime . Such a person is either a principal or, an accessory to the crime. When present, aiding, where a felony is committed, he is guilty as principal in the second degree ; when absent, "he is merely an accessory. 1. Russell, 21; 1 Leach 66; Foster 428.

ABEYANCE, estates, from the French aboyer, which in figurative sense means to expect, to look for, to desire. When there is no person in esse in whom the freehold is vested, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation, remembrance and contemplation.

- 2. The law requires, however, that the freehold should never, if possible, be in abeyance. Where there is a tenant of the freehold, the remainder or reversion in fee may exist for a time without any particular owner, in which case it is said to be in abeyance. 9 Serg. & R.. 367; 8 Plowd. 29 a. b 35 a.

- 3. Thus, if sn estate be limited to A for life, remainder to the right heirs of B, the fee simple is in abeyance during the life of B, because it is a maxim of law, that nemo est hoeres viventis. 2 Bl. Com. 107; 1 Cruise, 67-70; 1 Inst. 842, Merlin, Repertoire, mot Abeyance; 1 Com. Dig. 176; 1 Vin. Abr. 101.

- 4. Another example may be given in the case of a corporation. When a charter is given, and the charter grants franchises or property to a corporation which is to be brought into existence by some future acts of the corporators, such franchises or property are in abeyance until such acts shall be done, and when the corporation is thereby brought into life, the franchises instantaneously attach. 4 Wheat. 691. See, generally, 2 Mass. 500; 7 Mass. 445; 10 Mass. 93; 15 Mass. 464; 9 Cranch, 47. 293; 5 Mass. 555.

ABIDING BY PLEA. English law. A defendant who pleads a frivolous plea, or a plea merely for the purpose of delaying the suit; or who for the same purpose, shall file a similar demurrer, may be compelled by rule in term time, or by a Judge's order in vacation, either to abide by that plea, or b y that demurrer, or to plead peremptorily on the morrow; or if near the end of the term, and in order to afford time for notice of trial, the motion may be made in court for rule to abide or plead instanter; that is, within twenty-four hours after rule served, Imp. B.R. 340, provided that the regular time for pleading be expired. If the defendant when ruled, do not abide, he can only plead the general issue; 1 T.R. 693; but he may add notice of set-off. Ib. 694, n. See 1 Chit. Rep. 565, n.

ABIGEAT, civ. law, A particular kind of larceny, which is committed not by

taking and carrying away the property from one place to another, but by driving a living thing away with an intention of feloniously appropriating the same. Vide Taking.

ABIGEI, civil law. Stealers of cattle, who were punished with more severity than other thieves. Dig. 47, 14; 4 Bl. Com. 239.

ABJURATION- A renunciation of allegiance to a country by oath.

2. - 1. The act of Congress of the 14th of April, 1802, 2 Story's Laws, U.S. 850, requires that when an alien shall apply to be admitted a citizen of the United States, he shall declare on oath or affirmation before the court where the application shall be made, inter alia, that he doth absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity which he owes to any foreign prince, &c., and particularly, by name, the prince, &c., whereof he was before a citizen or subject. Rawle on the Const. 98.

3. - 2. In England t he oath of abjuration is an oath by which an Englishman binds himself not to acknowledge any right in the Pretender to the throne of England.

4. - 3 it signifies also, according to 25 Car. H., an oath abjuring to certain doctrines of the church of Rome.

5. - 4. In the ancient English law it was a renunciation of one's country and taking an oath of perpetual banishment. A man who had committed a felony, and for safety

flea to a sanctuary might within forty days' confess the fact, and take the oath of abjuration and perpetual banishment; he was then transported. This. was abolished by Stat. 1 Jac. 1, c. 25. Ayl. Parerg. 14.

ABLEGATI, diplomacy. Papal ambassadors of the second rank, who are sent with a less extensive commission to a court where there are no nuncios. This title is equivalent to envoy (q. v.).

ABNEPOS, civil law. The grandson of a grandson or grand-daughter, or fourth descendant. Abneptis, is the grand-daughter of a grandson or grand-daughter. These terms are used in making genealogical tables.

ABOLITION. An act by which a thing is extinguished, abrogated or annihilated. Merl. Repert, h. t., as, the abolition of slavery is the destruction of slavery.

2 . In the civil and French law abolition is used nearly synonymously with pardon, remission, grace. Dig. 39, 4, 3, 3. There is, however, this difference; grace is the generic term; pardon, according to those laws, is the clemency which the prince extends to a man who has participated in a crime, without being a principal or accomplice; remission is made in cases of involuntary homicides, and self-defence. Abolition is different: it is used when the crime cannot be remitted. The prince then may by letters of abolition remit the punishment, but the infamy remains, unless letters of abolition have been obtained before sentence. Encycl. de d'Alembert, h. t.

3. The term abolition is used in the German law in the same sense as in the French law. Encycl. Amer. h. t. The term abolition is derived from the civil law, in which it is sometimes used synonymously with absolution. Dig. 39, 4, 3, 3.

ABORTION, med jur. and criminal law. The expulsion of the foetus before the seventh mouth of utero-gestation, or before it is viable. q. v.

2. The causes of this accident are referable either to the mother, or to the foetus and its dependencies. The causes in the mother may be: extreme nervous susceptibility, great debility, plethora, faulty conformation, and the like; and it is frequently induced immediately by intense mental emotion. The causes seated in the foetus are its death, rupture of the membranes, &c.

3. It most frequently occurs between the 8th and 12th weeks of gestation. When abortion is produced with a malicious design, it becomes a misdemeanor, at common law, 1 Russell, 553; and the party causing it may be indicted and punished.

4. The crimjnal means resorted to for the purpose of destroying the foetus, may be divided into general and local. To the first belong venesection, emetics, cathartics diuretics, emmenagogues &c. The second embraces all kinds of violence directly applied.

5. When, in consequence of the means used to produce abortion, the death of the woman ensues, the crime is murder.

6. By statute a distinction is made between a woman quick with child, (q. v.) and one who, though pregnant, is not so, 1 Bl. Com. 129. Physiologists, perhaps with reason, think that the child is a living being from the moment of conception. 1 Beck. Med. Jur. 291.

General References. 1 Beck, 288 to 331; and 429 to 435; where will be found an abstract of the laws of different countries, and some of the states punishing criminal abortion; Roscoe, Cr. Ev. 190; 1 Russ. 553; vilanova y Manes, Materia Criminal Forense, Obs. 11, c. 7 n. 15-18. See also 1 Briand, Med. Leg. 1 ere partie, c. 4, where the question is considered, how far abortion is justifiable, and is neither a crime nor a misdemeanor. See Alis. Cr. L. of Scot. 628.

ABORTUS. The fruit of an abortion; the child born before its time, incapable of life. See Abortion; Birth; Breath; Dead bord; Gestation; Life.

ABOVE. Literally higher in place: But in law this word is sometimes used to designate the superior court, or one which may revise proceedings of an inferior court error, from such inferior jurisdiction. The court of error is called the court above; the court whose proceedings are to be examined is called the court below.

2. By bail above, is understood bail to the action entered with the prothonotary or clerk, which is an appearance. See Bail above. The bail given to the Sheriff, in civil cases, when the defendant is arrested on bailable process, is called bail below; (q.v.) vide Below.

TO ABRIDGE, practice. To make shorter in words, so as to retain the sense or substance. In law it signifies particularly the making of a declaration or count shorter, by taking or severing away some of the substance from it. Brook, tit. Abridgment

ment; Com. Dig. Abridgment; 1 Vin. Ab. 109.

2. Abridgment of the Plaint is allowed even after verdict and before judgment (Booth on R. A.) in an cases of real actions where the writ is de lib. ten. generally, as in assize, dower; &c.; because, after the abridgment the writ is still true, it being liberum tenementum still. But it is not allowed in a proecipe quod reddat, demanding a certain number of acres; for this would falsify the writ. See 2 Saund. 44, (n.) 4 ; Bro. Abr. Tit. Abr.; 12 Levin's Ent. 76; 2 Saund. 330; Gilb. C. P. 249-253; Thel. Dig. 76, c. 28, pl. 15, lib. 8.

AN ABRIDGMENT. An epitome or compendium of another and larger work, wherein the principal ideas of the larger work are summarily contained. When fairly made, it may justly be deemed, within the meaning of the law, a new work, the publication of which will not infringe the copyright of the work abridged. An injunction, however, will be granted against a mere colorable abridgment. 2 Atk. 143; 1 Bro. C. C. 451; 5 Ves. 709; Lofft's R. 775; Ambl. 403; 5 Ves. 709.; 1 Story, R. 11. See Quotation.

2. Abridgments of the Law or Digests of Adjudged Cases, serve the very useful purpose of an index to the cases abridged, 5 Co. Rep. 25. Lord Coke says they are most profitable to those who make them. Co. Lit. in preface to the table -at the end of the work. With few exceptions, they are not entitled to be considered authoritative. 2 Wils. R. 1, 2; 1 Burr. Rep. 364; 1 Bl. Rep. 101; 3 T. R. 64, 241. See North American Review, July, 1826, pp. 8, 13, for an account of the principal abridgments.

ABROGATION, in the civil law, legislation. The destruction or annulling of a former law, by an act of the legislative power, or by usage. A- law may be abrogated or only derogated from; it is abrogated when it is totally annulled; it is derogated from when only a part is abrogated: derogatur legi, cum pars detrahitur; abrogatur legi, cum prorsus tollitur. Dig lib.. 50, t. 17, 1, 102. Lex rogatur dum fertur; abrogatur dum tollitur; derogatur eidem dum quoddam ejus caput aboletuer; subrogatur dum aliquid ei adjicitur; abrogatur denique, quoties aliquid in ea mutatur. Dupin, Proleg. Juris, Art. iv.

2. Abrogation is express or implied; it is express when it, is literally pronounced by the new law, either in general terms, as when a final clause abrogates or repeals all laws contrary to the provisions of the new one, or in particular terms, as when it abrogates certain preceding laws which are named.

3. Abrogation is implied when the new law contains provisions which are positively, contrary to the former laws, without expressly abrogating such laws: for it is a posteriora derogant prioribus. 3 N. S. 190; 10 M. R. 172. 560. It is also implied when the order of things for which the law had been made no longer exists, and hence the motives which had caused its enactment have ceased to operate; ratione legis omnino cessante cessat lex. Toullier, Droit Civil Francais, tit. prel. §11, n. 151. Merlin, mot Abrogation.

ABSCOND. To go in a clandestine manner out of the jurisdiction of the courts, or to lie concealed in order to avoid their process.

ABSENTEE. One who is away from his domicil, or usual place of residence.

2. After an absence of seven years without being heard from, the presumption of death arises. 2 Campb. R. 113; Hardin's R. 479; 18 Johns. R. 141 15 Mass. R. 805; Peake's Ev. c. 14, s. 1; 2 Stark. Ev. 457 8; 4 Barn. & A. 422; 1 Stark. C. 121 Park on Ins. 433; 1 Bl. R. 404; Burr v. Simm, 4 Wh. 150; Bradley v. Bradley, 4 Wh. 173.

3. In Louisiana, when a person possessed of either movable or immovable property within the state, leaves it, without having appointed somebody to take care of his estate; or when the person thus appointed dies, or is either unable or unwilling to continue to administer that estate, then and in that case, the judge of the place where the estate is situated, shall appoint a curator to administer the same. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 50.. In the appointment of this curator the judge shall prefer the wife of the absentee to his presumptive heirs, the presumptive heirs to other relations; the relations to strangers, and creditors to those who are not otherwise interested, provided, however, that such persons be possessed of the necessary qualifications. Ib. art. 51. For the French law on this subject, vide Biret, de l'Absende; Code Civil, liv. l tit.. 4. Fouss. lib. 13 tit. 4, n. 379-487; Merl. Rep. h. t.;

and see also Ayl. Pand. 269; Dig. 50, 16, 198; Ib. 50, 16, 173; Ib. 3, 3,,6; Code, 7 32 12.

ABSOLUTE. Without any condition or encumbrance, as an "absolute bond," simplex obligatio, in distinction from a conditional bond; an absolute estate, one that is free from all manner of condition or incumbrance. A rule is said to be absolute, when, on the hearing, it is confirmed. As to the effect of an absolute conveyance, see 1 Pow. Mortg. 125; in relation to absolute rights, 1 Chitty, PI. 364; 1 Chitty, Pr. 32.

ABSOLUTION. A definite sentence whereby a man accused of any crime is

acquitted.

ABSQUE HOC, pleading. When the pleadings were in Latin these words were employed in a traverse. Without this, that, (q. v.) are now used for the same purpose.

ABSQUE IMPETITIONE VASTI. Without impeachment of waste. (q. v.) Without any right to prevent waste.

ABSQUE TALI CAUSA. This phrase is used in a traverse de injuria, by which the plaintiff affirms that without the cause in his plea alleged he did commit the said trespasses, &c. Gould on PI. c. 7, part 2, §9.

ABSTENTION, French law. This is the tacit renunciation by an heir of a suc-

cession Merl. Rep. h.t.

ABSTRACT OF TITLE. A brief account of all the deeds upon which the title to an estate rests. See Brief of Title.

ABUSE. Every thing which is contrary to good order established by usage. Merl. Rep. h. t. Among the civilians, abuse has another signification; which is the destruction of the substance of a thing in using it. For example, the borrower of wine or grain, abuses the article lent by using it, because he cannot enjoy it without consuming it. Leg ; El. Dr. Rom. §414. 416.

ABUTTALS. The buttings and boundings of land, showing on what other lands, rivers, highways, or other places it does abut. More properly, it is said, the sides of land, are adjoining and the ends abutting to the thing contiguous. Vide Boundaries, and Cro. Jac. 184.

AC ETIAM, Eng. law. In order to give jurisdiction to a court, a cause of action over which the court has jurisdiction is alleged, and also,, (ac etiam) another cause of action over which, without being joined with the first, the court would have no jurisdiction; for example, to the usual complaint of breaking the plaintiff's close, over which the court has jurisdiction, a clause is added containing the real cause of action. This juridical contrivance grew out of the Statute 13 Charles H. Stat. 2, c. 2. The clause was added by Lord North, Ch. J. of the C. P. to the clausum fregit writs of that court upon which writs of capias might issue. He balanced awhile whether he should not use the words nec non instead of ac etiam. The matter is fully explained in Burgess on Insolvency, 149. 155. 156. 157.

ACCEDAS AD CURIAM, Eng. law. That you go to court. An original writ, issuing out of chancery, now of coarse, returnable in K. B. or C. P. for the removaI of a replevin sued by plaint in court of any lord, other than the county before the sheriff See F. N. B. 18; Dyer, 169.

ACCEDAS AD VICECOMITEM, Eng. law. The name of a writ directed to the coroner, commanding him to deliver a writ to the sheriff, who having a pone delivered to him, suppresses it.

ACCEPTANCE, contracts. An agreement to receive somethinng which has been

offered.

2. To complete the contract, the acceptance must be absolute and past recall, 10 Pick. 826; 1 Pick. 278; and communicated to the party making the offer at the time and place appointed. 4. Wheat. R. 225; 6 Wend. 103.

3. In many cases acceptance of a thing waives the right which the party receiving before had; as, for example, the acceptance of rent after notice to quit, in general waives. the notice. See Co. Litt. 211, b; Id. 215, a.; and Notice to quit.

4. The acceptance may be express, as when it is openly declared by the party to be bound by it; or implied, as where the party acts as if he had accepted. The offer, and acceptance must be in some medium understood by, both parties; it may be language, symbolical, oral or written. For example, persons deaf and dumb may contract by symbolical or written language. At auction sales, the contract, generally symbolical; a nod, a wink, or some other sign by one party, imports that he makes an offer, and knocking down a hammer by the other, that he agrees to it. 3 D. & E. 148. This subject is further considered under the articles Assent and Offer, (q v.)

5. Acceptance of a bill of exchange the act by which the drawee or other person evinces his assent or intention to comply with and be bound by, the request contained in a bill of exchange to pay the same; or in other words, it is an engagement to pay the bill when due. 4 East, 72, It will be proper to consider, 1, by whom the acceptance ought to be made; 2, the time when it is to be made; 3, the form of the acceptance; 4, its extent or effect.

6. - 1. The acceptance must be made by the drawee himself, or by one authorized by him. On the presentment of a bill, the holder has a right to insist upon such an acceptance by the drawee as will subject him at all events to the payment of the bill, according to its tenor; consequently such drawee must have capacity to contract, and to bind himself to pay the amount of the bill, or it, may be treated as dishonored. Marius, 22. See 2 Ad. & EH. N. S. 16, 17.

7. - 2. As to the time when, a bill ought to be accepted, it may be before the bill is drawn; in this case it must be in writing; 3 Mass. 1; or it may be after it is drawn; when the bill is presented, the drawee must accept the bill within twenty-four hours after presentment, or it should be treated as dishonored. Chit. Bills, 212. 217. On the refusal to accept, even within the twenty-four hours, it should be protested. Chit. Bills, 217. The acceptance may be made after the bill is drawn, and before it becomes due or after the time appointed for payment 1 H. Bl. 313; 2 Green, R. 339 ; and even after refusal to accept so as to bind the acceptor.

8. The acceptance may also be made supra protest, which is the acceptance of the bill, after protest for non-acceptance by the drawee, for the honor of the drawer, or a particular endorser. When a bill has been accepted supra protest for the honor of one party to the bill, it may be accepted supra protest, by another individual, for the honor of another. Beawes, tit. Bills of Exchange, pl. 52; 5 Campb. R. 447.

9. - 3. As to the form of the acceptance, it is clearly established it may be in writing on the bill itself, or on another paper, 4 East, 91; or it may be verbal, 4 East, 67; 10 John. 207; 3 Mass. 1; or it may be expressed or implied.

10. An express acceptance is an agreement in direct and express terms to pay a bill of exchange, either by the party on whom it is drawn, or by some other person, for the honor of some of the parties. It is Usually in the words accepted or accepts, but other express words showing an engagement to pay the bill will be equally binding.

11. An implied acceptance is an agreement to pay a bill, not by direct and express terms, but by any acts of the party from which an express agreement may be fairly inferred. For example, if the drawee writes "seen," "presented," or any, other thing upon it, (as the day on which it becomes due,) this, unless explained by other circumstances, will constitute an acceptance.

12. - 4. An acceptance in regard to its extent and effect, may be either absolute, conditional, or partial.

13. An absolute acceptance is a positive engagement to pay the bill according to its tenor, and is usually made by writing on the bill " accepted," and subscribing the drawee's name; or by merely writing his name either at the bottom or across the bill. Comb. 401; Vin. Ab. Bills of Exchange, L 4; Bayl. 77; Chit. Bills, 226 to 228. But in order to bind another than the drawee, it is requisite his name should appear. Bayl. 78.

14. A conditional acceptance is one which will subject the drawee or acceptor to the payment of the money on a contingency, Bayl. 83, 4, 5; Chit. Bills, 234; Holt's C. N. P. 182; 5 Taunt, 344; 1 Marsh. 186. The holder is not bound to receive such an acceptance, but if he do receive it he must observe its terms. 4 M.& S. 466; 2 W. C. C. R. 485; 1 Campb. 425.

15. A partial acceptance varies from the tenor of the bill, as where it is made to pay part of the sum for which the bill is drawn, 1 Stra. 214; 2 Wash. C. C. R. 485; or to pay at a different time, Molloy, b. 2, c. 10, s. 20; or place, 4. M.& S. 462.

ACCEPTILATION, contracts. In the civil law, is a release made by a creditor to his debtor of his debt, without receiving any consideration. Ayl. Pand. tit. 26, p. 570. It is a species of donation, but not subject to the forms of the latter, and is valid, unless in fraud of creditors. Merlin, Repert. de Jurisp. h. t. Acceptilation may be defined verborum conceptio qua creditor debitori, quod debet, acceptum fert; or, a certain arrangement of words by which on the question of the debtor, the creditor, wishing to dissolve the obligation, answers that he admits as received, what in fact, he has not received. The acceptilation is an imaginary payment. Dig. 46, 4, 1 and 19; Dig. 2, 14, 27, 9; Inst. 3, 30, 1.

ACCEPTOR, contracts. The person who agrees to pay a bill of exchange drawn upon him. There cannot be two separate acceptors of a bill of exchange, e. g. an acceptance by the drawee, and another for the honor of some party to the bill. Jackson v. Hudson, 2 Campb. N. P. C. 447.

2. The acceptor of a bill is the principal debtor, and the drawer the surety. He is bound, though he accepted without consideration, and for the sole accommodation of the drawer. By his acceptance he admits the drawer's handwriting, for, before acceptance it was incumbent upon him to inquire into the genuineness of the drawer's handwriting. 3 Burr. 1354; 1 Bla. Rep. 390, S. C.; 4 Dall. 234; 1 Binn. 27, S. C. When once made, the obligation of the acceptor is irrevocable. As to what amounts to an acceptance, see ante, Acceptance; Chitty on Bills, 242, et. seq.; 3 Kent, Com. 55, 6; Pothier, Traite du Contrat de Change, premiere part. n. 44.

3. The liability of the acceptor cannot in general be released or discharged, otherwise than by payment, or by express release or waiver, or by the act of limitations. Dougl. R. 247. What amounts to a waiver and discharge of the acceptor's liability, must depend on the circumstances of each particular case. Dougl. 236, 248; Bayl. on Bills, 90; Chitty on Bills, 249.

ACCEPTOR SUPRA PROTEST, in contracts, is a third person, who, after protest for non-acceptance by the drawee, accepts the bill for the honor of the drawer, or of the particular endorser.

2. By this acceptance he subjects himself to the same obligations as if the bill had been directed to him. An acceptor supra protest has his remedy against the person for whose honor he accepted, and against all persons who stand prior to that person. If he takes up the bill for the honor of the endorser, he stands in the light of an endorsee paying full value for the bill, and has the same remedies to which an endorsee would be entitled against all prior parties, and he can, of course, sue the drawer and endorser., 1 Ld. Raym. 574; 1 Esp. N. P. Rep. 112; Bayly on Bills, 209; 3 Kent. Com. 57; Chitty on Bills, 312. The acceptor supra protest is required to give the same notice, in order to charge a party, which is necessary to be given by other holders. 8 Pick. 1. 79; 1 Pet. R. 262. Such acceptor is not liable, unless demand of payment is made on the drawee, and notice of his refusal given. 3 Wend. 491.

ACCESS, persons. Approach, or the means or power of approaching. Sometimes by access is understood sexual intercourse; at other times the opportunity of communicating together so that sexual intercourse may have taken place, is also called access. 1 Turn. & R. 141.

2. In this sense a man who can readily be in company with his wife, is said to have access to her; and in that case, her issue are presumed to be his issue. But this presumption may be rebutted by positive evidence that no sexual intercourse took place. lb.

3. Parents are not allowed to prove non-access, for the purpose of bastardizing the issue of the wife; nor will their declarations be received after their deaths, to prove the want of access, with a like intent. 1 P. A. Bro. R. App. xlviii.; Rep. tem. Hard. 79; Bull. N. P. 113; Cowp. R. 592; 8 East, R. 203; 11 East, R. 133. 2 Munf. R. 242; 3 Munf. R. 599; 7 N. S. 553; 4 Hayw R. 221, 3 Hawks, R 623 1 Ashm. R. 269; 6 Binn. R. 283; 3 Paige's R. 129; 7 N. S. 548. See Shelf. on Mar. & Div. 711; and Paternity.

ACCESSARY, criminal law. He who is not the chief actor in the perpetration of the offence, nor present at its performance, but is some way concerned therein, either before or after the fact committed.

2. An accessary before the fact, is one who being absent at the time of, the crime committed, yet procures, counsels, or commands another to commit it. 1 Hale, P. C. 615. It is, proper to observe that when the act is committed through the agency of a person who has no legal discretion nor a will, as in the case of a child or an insane person, the incitor, though absent when the crime was committed, will be considered, not an accessary, for none can be accessary to the acts of a madman, but a principal in the first degree. Fost. 340; 1 P. C. 118.

3. An accessary after the fact, is one who knowing a felony to have been committed, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon. 4 Bl. Com. 37.

4. No one who is a principal (q. v.) can be an accessary.

5. In certain crimes, there can be no accessaries; all who are concerned are principals, whether they were present or absent at the time of their commission. These are treason, and all offences below the degree of felony. 1 Russ. 21, et seq.; 4 Bl. Com. 35 to 40; 1 Hale, P. C. 615; 1 Vin. Abr. 113; Hawk. P. C. b. 2, c. 29, s. 16; such is the English Law. But whether it is law

in the United States appears not to be determined as regards the cases of persons assisting traitors. Serg. Const. Law, 382; 4 Cranch, R. 472, 501; United States v. Fries, Parnphl. 199.

6. It is evident there can be no accessary when there is no principal; if a principal in a transaction be not liable under our laws, no one can be charged as a more accessary to him. 1 W.& M. 221.

7. By the rules of the common law, accessaries cannot be tried without their consent, before the principals. Foster, 360. The evils resulting from this rule, are stated at length in the 8th vol. of Todd's Spencer, pp. 329, 330.

ACCESSION, property. The ownership of a thing, whether it be real or personal, movable or immovable, carries with it the right to all that the thing produces, and to all that becomes united to it, either naturally or artificially; this is called the right of accession.

2. -1. The doctrine of property arising from accession, is grounded on the right of occupancy.

3. - 2. The original owner of any thing which receives an accession by natural or artificial means, as by the growth of vegetables, the pregnancy of animals; Louis. Code, art. 491; the embroidering of cloth, or the conversion of wood or metal into vessels or utensils, is entitled to his right of possession to the property of it, under such its state of improvement; 5 H. 7, 15; 12 H. 8, 10; Bro. Ab. Propertie, 23; Moor, 20; Poph. 88. But the owner must be able to prove the identity of the original materials; for if wine, oil, or bread, be made out of another man's grapes, olives, or wheat, they belong to the new operator, who is bound to make satisfaction to the former proprietor for the materials which he has so converted. 2 Bl. Com. 404; 5 Johns. Rep. 348; Betts v. Lee, 6 Johns. Rep. 169; Curtiss v. Groat, 10 Johns. 288; Babcock v. Gill, 9 Johns. Rep. 363; Chandler v. Edson, 5 H. 7, 15; 12 H. 8, 10; Fits. Abr. Bar. 144; Bro. Abr. Property, 23; Doddridge Eng. Lawyer, 125, 126, 132, 134. See Adjunction; Confusion of Goods. See Generally, Louis. Code, tit. 2, c. 2 and 3.

ACCESSION, international law, is the absolute or conditional acceptance by one or several states, of a treaty already concluded between one or several states, of a traty already concluded between other sovereignties. Merl. Rep. mot Accession.

ACCESSORY, property. Everything which is joined to another thing, as an ornament, or to render it more perfect, is an accessory, and belongs to the principal thing. For example, the halter of a horse, the frame of a picture, the keys of a house, and the like; but a bequest of a house would not carry the furniture in it, as accessory to it. Domat, Lois Civ. Part. 2, liv. 4, tit. 2, s. 4, n. 1. Accesiorium non ducit, sed sequitur principale. Co. Litt. 152, a. Co. Litt. 121, b. note (6). Vide Accession; Adjunction; Appendant; Appurtenances; Appurtenant; Incident.

ACCESSORY CONTRACT. oNE MADE FOR assuring the performance of a prior contract, either by the same parties, or by others; such as suretyship, mortgages, and pledges.

2. It is a general rule, that payment of the debt due, or the performance of a thing required to be performed by the first or principal contract, is a full discharge of such accessory obligation. Poth. Ob. part. 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2, n. 14. Id. n. 182, 186. See 8 Mass. 551; 15 Mass. 233; 17 Mass. 419; 4 Pick. 11; 8 Pick. 522.

3. An accessory agreement to guaranty an original contract, which is void, has no binding effect. 6 Humph. 261.

ACCIDENT. The happening of an event without the concurrence of the will of the person by whose agency it was caused or the happening of an event without any human agency; the burning of a house in consequence of a fire being made for the ordinary purpose of cooking or warming the house, which is an accident of the first kind; the burning of the same house by lightning would have been an accident of the second kind. 1 Fonb. Eq. 374, 5, note.

2. It frequently happens that a lessee covenants to repair, in which case he is bound to do so, although the premises be burned down without his fault. 1 Hill. Ab. c. 15, s. 76. But if a penalty be annexed to the covenant, inevitable accident will excuse the former, though not the latter. 1 Dyer, 33, a. Neither the landlord nor the tenant is bound to rebuild a house burned down, unless it has been so expressly agreed. Amb. 619; 1 T. R. 708; 4-Paige, R. 355; 6 Mass. R. 67; 4 M'Cord, R. 431; 3 Kent, Com. 373.

3. In New Jersey, by statute, no action lies against any person on the ground that a fire began in a house or room occupied by him, if accidental. But this does not affect any covenant. 1 N. J. Rev. C. 216.

ACCIDENT, practice. This term in chancery jurisprudence, signifies such unforeseen events, misfortunes, losses, acts or omissions, as are not the result of any negligence or misconduct in the party. Francis' Max. M. 120, p. 87; 1 Story on Eq. §78.

Jeremy defines it as used in courts of equity, to be " an occurrence in relation to a contract, which was not anticipated by the parties, when the same was entered into, and which gives an undue advantage to one of them over the other in a court of law." Jer. on Eq. 358. This definition is objected to, because as accident may arise in relation to other things besides contracts, it is inaccurate in confining accidents to contracts; besides, it does not exclude cases of unanticipated occurrences, resulting from the negligence or misconduct of the party seeking relief. 1 Story on Eq. § 78, note 1.

2. In general, courts of equity will relieve a party who cannot obtain justice in consequence of an accident, which will justify the interposition of a court of equity. The jurisdiction being concurrent, will be maintained only, first, when a court of law cannot grant suitable relief; and, secondly, when the party has a conscientious title to relief.

3. Many accidents are redressed in a court of law; as loss of deeds, mistakes in receipts and accounts, wrong payments, death, which makes it impossible to perform a condition literally, and a multitude of other contingencies; and many cannot be redressed even in a court of equity; is if by accident a recovery is ill suffered, a contingent remainder destroyed, or a power of leasing omitted in a family settlement. 3 Bl. Comm. 431. Vide, generally, Com. Dig. Chancery, 3 F 8; 1 Fonb. Eq. B. 1, c. 3, s. 7; Coop. Eq. PI. 129; 1 Chit. Pr. 408; Harr. Ch. Index, h. t.; Dane's Ab. h. t.; Wheat. Dig. 48; Mitf. Pl. Index, h. t.; 1 Madd. Ch. Pr. 23; 10 Mod. R. 1, 3; 3 Chit. Bl. Com. 426, n.

ACCOMENDA, mar. law. In Italy, is a contract which takes place when an individual entrusts personal property with the master of a vessel, to be sold for their joint account. In such case, two contracts take place; first, the contract called mandatum, by which the owner of the property gives the master power to dispose of it, and the contract of partnership, in virtue of which, the profits are to be divided between them. One party runs the risk of losing his capital, the other his labor. If the sale produces no more than first cost, the owner takes all the proceeds; it is only the profits which are to be divided. Emer. on Mar. Loans, B. 5.

ACCOMODATION, com. law. That which is done by one merchant or other person for the convenience of some other, by accepting or endorsing his paper, or by lending him his notes or bills.

2. In general the parties who have drawn, endorsed or accepted bills or other commercial paper for the accommodation, of others, are, while in the hands of a holder who received them before they became due, other than the person for whom the accomodation was given, responsible as if they had received full value. Chit. Bills, 90; 91. See 4 Cranch, 141; 1 Ham. 413; 7 John. 361; 15 John. 355, 17 John. 176; 9 Wend. 170; 2 Whart. 344; 5 Wend. 566; 8 Wend. 437; 2 Hill, S. C. 362; 10 Conn. 308; 6 Munfd. 381.

ACCOMMODATION, contracts. An amicable agreement or composition between two contending parties. It differs from accord and satisfaction, which may take place without any difference having existed between the parties.

ACCOMPLICE, crim. law. This term includes in its meaning, all persons who have been concerned in the commission of a crime, all particepes crimitis, whether they are considered in strict legal propriety, as principals iu the first or second degree, or merely as accessaries before or after the fact. Foster, 341; 1 Russell, 21; 4 Bl. Com. 331; 1 Phil. Ev. 28; Merlin, Repertoire, mot Complice. U. S. Dig. h. t.

2. But in another sense, by the word accomplice is meant, one who not being a principal, is yet in some way concerned in the commission of a crime. It has been questioned, whether one who was an accomplice to a suicide can be punishhed as such. A case occurred in Prussia where a soldier, at the request of his comrade, had cut the latter in pieces; for this he was tried capitally. In the year 1817, a young woman named Leruth received a recompense for aiding a man to kill himself. He put the point of a bistouri on his naked breast, and used the hand of the young woman to plunge it with greater force into his bosom; hearing some noise he ordered her away. The man receiving effectual aid was soon cured of the wound which had been inflicted; and she was tried and convicted of having inflicted the wound, and punished by ten years' imprisonment. Lepage, Science du Driot, ch. 2 art. 3, §5. The case of Saul, the king of Israel, and his armor bearer, (1 Sam. xxxi. 4,) and of David and the Amelekite, (2 Sam. i. 2-16,) will doubtless occur to the reader.

ACCORD, in contracts. A satisfaction agreed upon between the party injuring and the party injured, which when performed is a bar to all actions upon this account. 3 Bl. Com. 15; Bac. Abr, Accord.

2. In order to make a good accord it is essential: -

1. That the accord be legal. An agreement to drop a criminal prosecution as a satisfaction for an assault and imprisonment, is void. 5 East, 294. See 2 Wils. 341 Cro. Eliz. 541.

3. - 2. It must be advantageous to the contracting party; hence restoring to the plaintiff his chattels, or his land, of which the defendant has wrongfully dispossessed him, will not be any consideration to support a promise by the plaintiff not to sue him for those injuries. Bac. Abr. Accord, &c. A; Perk. s. 749; Dyer, 75; 5 East, R. 230; 1 Str. R. 426; 2 T. R. 24; 11 East, R. 390; 3 Hawks, R. 580; 2 Litt. R. 49; 1 Stew. R. 476; 5 Day, R. 360; 1 Root, R. 426; 3 Wend. R. 66; 1 Wend, R. 164; 14 Wend. R. 116; 3 J. J. Marsh. R. 497.

4. - 3. It must be certain; hence an agreement that the defendant shall relinquish the possession of a house in satisfaction, &c., is not valid, unless it is also agreed at what time it shall be relinquished. Yelv. 125. See 4 Mod. 88; 2 Johns. 342; 3 Lev. 189.

6. - 4. The defendant must be privy to the contract. If therefore the consideration for the promise not to sue proceeds from another, the defendant is a stranger to the agreement, and the circumstance that the promise has been made to him will be of no avail. Str. 592; 6, John. R. 37; 3 Monr. R. 302 but in such case equity will grant relief by injunction. 3 Monr. R. 302; 5 East, R. 294; 1 Smith's R. 615; Cro. Eliz. 641; 9 Co. 79, b; 3 Taunt. R. 117; 5 Co. 117, b.

6. - 5. The accord must be executed. 5 Johns. R. 386; 3 Johns. Cas. 243; 16 Johns. R. 86; 2 Wash. C. C. R. 180; 6 Wend. R. 390; 5 N. H. Rep. 136; Com. Dig. Accord, B 4.

7. Accord with satisfaction when completed has two effects; it is a payment of the debt; and it is a species of sale of the thing given by the debtor to the creditor, in satisfaction; but it differs from it in this, that it is not valid until the delivery of the article, and there is no warranty of the thing thus sold, except perhaps the title; for in regard to this, it cannot be doubted, that if the debtor gave on an accord and satisfaction the goods of another, there would be no satisfaction. See Dation, en paiement.

See in general Com. Dig. h. t.; Bac. Ab. h. t.; Com. Dig. Pleader, 2 V 8; 5 East, R. 230; 4 Mod. 88 ; 1 Taunt. R. 428; 7 East, R. 150; 1 J. B. Moore, 358, 460; 2 Wils. R. 86; 6 Co. 43, b; 3 Chit. Com. Law, 687 to 698; Harr. Dig. h. t.; 1 W. Bl. 388; 2 T. R. 24; 2 Taunt. 141; 3 Taunt. 117; 5 B.& A. 886; 2 Chit. R. 303 324; 11 East, 890; 7 Price, 604; 2 Greenl. Ev. § 28; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 805; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2478-79-80-81. Vide Discharge of Obligations.

ACCOUCHEMENT. The act of giving birth to a child. It is frequently important to prove the filiation of an individual; this may be done in several ways. The fact of the accouchement may be proved by the direct testimony of one who was present, as a physician, a midwife, or other person. 1 Bouv. Inst. u. 314.

ACCOUNT, remedies. This is the name of a writ or action more properly called account render.

2. It is applicable to the, case of an unliquidated demand, against a person who is chargeable as bailiff or receiver. The use of it, is where the plaintiff wants an account and cannot give evidence of his right without it. 5 Taunt. 431 It is necessary. where the receipt was directed to a merchandising which makes all uncertainty of the nett remain, till the account is finished; or where a man is charged as bailiff, whereupon the certainty of his receipt appears not till account. Hob. 209.; See also 8 Cowen, R. 304; 9 Conn. R. 556;

2 Day, R. 28; Kirby, 164; 3 Gill & John. 388; 3 Verm. 485; 4 Watts, 420; 8 Cowen, 220. It is also the proper remedy by one partner against another. 15 S. & R. 153 3 Binn. 317; 10 S. & R. 220; 2 Conn. 425; 4 Verm. 137; 1 Dall. 340; 2 Watts 86.

3. The interlocutory judgment in this action is (quod computet) that the defendant render an account upon which judgment auditors are assigned to him to hear and report his account. (See I Lutwych, 47; 3 Leon. 149, for precedents) As the principal object of the action is to compel a settlement of the account in the first instance, special bail cannot be demanded, (2 Roll. Rep. 53; 2 Keble, 404,) nor are damagos awarded upon the first judgment, nor given except ratione interplacitationis, (Cro. Eliz. 83; 5 Binn. 664; 24 Ed. 3. 16;

18 Ed. 3. 55; Reg. Brev. 136 b,) although it is usual to conclude the count with a demand of damages. (Lib. Int. fo. 16. fo. 20; 1 Lutw. 51. 58; 2 H. 7. 13.) The reason assigned for this rule, is, that it may be the defendant will not be found in arrears after he has accounted, and the court cannot know until the settlement of the account whether the plaintiff has been endamaged or not. 7 H. 6. 38.

4. This action combines the properties of a legal and equitable action. The proceedings up to the judgment quod computet, and subsequent to the account reported by the auditors are conducted upon the principles of the common law. But the account is to be adjusted upon the most liberal principles of equity and, good faith. (Per Herle, Ch. J. 3 Ed. 3. 10.) The court it is said are judges of the action - the auditors of the account, Bro. Ab. Ace. 48, and both are judges of record, 4 H. 6. 17; Stat. West. 2. c. 11. This action has received extension in Pennsylvania. 1 Dall. 339, 340.

5. The fist judgment (quod computet) is enforeed by a capias ad computandum where defendant refuses to appear before the auditors, upon which he may be held to bail, or in default of bail be made to account in prison. The final judgment quod recuperet is enforeed by fi. fa. or such other process as the law allows for the recovery of debts.

6. If the defendant charged as bailiff is found in surplusage, no judgment oan be entered thereon to recover the amount so found in his favor against the plaintiff, but as the auditors are judges of record, he may bring an action of debt, or by some authorities a sci. fac. against the plaintiff, whereon he may have judgment and execution against the plaintiff. See Palm. 512; 2 Bulst. 277-8; 1 Leon. 219; 3 Keble Rep. 362; 1 Roll. Ab. 599, pl. 11; Bro. Ab. Acc. 62; 1 Roll. Rep. 87. See Bailiff, in account render.

7. In those states where they have courts of chancery, this action is nearly superseded by the better remedy which is given by a bill in equity, by which the complainant can elicit a discovery of the acts from the defendant under his oath, instead of relying merely on the evidence he may be able to produce. 9 John. R. 470; 1 Paige, R. 41; 2 Caines' Cas. Err. 38, 62; 1 J. J. Marsh. R. 82; Cooke, R. 420; 1 Yerg. R. 360; 2 John. Ch. R. 424; 10 John. R. 587; 2 Rand. R. 449; 1 Hen. & M9; 2 M'Cord's Ch. R. 469; 2 Leigh's R. 6.

8. Courts of equity have concurrent jurisdiction in matters of account with courts of law, and sometimes exclusive jurisdiction at least in some respects: For example; if a plaintiff be entitled to an account, a court of equity will restrain the defendant from proceeding in a claim, the correctness of which cannot be ascertained until the account be taken; but not where the subject is a matter of set-off. 1 Sch. & Lef. 309; Eden on Injunct. 23, 24.

9. When an account has voluntarily been stated between parties, an action of assumpsit may be maintained thereon. 3 Bl. Com. 162; 8 Com. Dig. 7; 1 Com. Dig. 180; 2 Ib. 468; 1 Vin. Ab. 135; Bac. Ab. h. t.; Doct. Pl. 26; Yelv. 202; 1 Supp. to Ves. Jr, 117; 2 Ib. 48, 136. Vide 1 Binn. R. 191; 4 Dall. R. 434; Whart. Dig. h. t. ; 3 Wils. 73, 94; 8 D.& R. 596; Bull. N. P. 128; 5 Taunt. 431; U. S. Dig. h. t.; 2 Greenl. Ev. § 34-39.

ACCOUNT, practice. A statement of the receipts and payments of an executor, administrator, or other trustee, of the estate confided to him.

2. Every one who administers the affairs of another is required at the end of his administration to render an account of his management of the same. Trustees of every description can, in general, be compelled by courts of chancery to settle accounts, or otherwise fully execute their trusts. Where there are no courts of chancery, the courts of common law are usually invested with power for the same purposes by acts of legislation. When a party has had the property of another as his agent, he may be compelled at common law to account by an action of account render.

3. An account is also the statement of two merchants or others who have dealt together, showing the debits and credits between them.

ACCOUNT-BOOK. A book kept by a merchant, trader, mechanic, or other person, in which are entered from time to time the transactions of his trade or business. Vide Books; Entry; Original entry.

ACCOUNT CURRENT. A running or open account between two persons.

ACCOUNT IN BANK, com. law. 1: A fund which merchants, traders and others have deposited into the common cash of some bank, to be drawn out by checks from time to time as the owner or depositor may require. 2. The statement of the amount deposited and drawn, which is kept in duplicate, one in the depositor's bank book, and the other in the books of the bank.

ACCOUNT STATED. The settlement of an account between the parties, by which a balance is struck in favor of one of them, is called an account stated.

2. An acknowledgnaent of a single item of debt due from the defendant to the plaintiff is sufficient to support a count on an account stated. 13 East, 249; 5 M.& S. 65.

3. It is proposed to consider, 1st, by whom an account may, be stated; 2d, the manner of stating the account; 3d, the declaration upon such, an account; 4th, the evidence.

4. 1. An account may be stated by a man and his wife of the one part, and a third person; and unless there is an express promise to pay by the hushand, Foster v. Allanson, 2 T. R. 483, the action must be brought against hushand and wife. Drue v. Thorne, Aleyn, 72. A plaintiff cannot recover against a defendant upon an account stated by him, partly as administrator and partly in his own private capacity. Herrenden v. Palmer, Hob. 88. Persons wanting a legal capacity to make a contract cannot, in general, state an account; as infants, Truman v. Hurst, 1 T. R. 40; and persons non compos mentis.

5. A plaintiff may recover on an account stated with the defendant, including debts due from the defendant alone, and from the defendant and a deceased partner jointly. Riebards v. Heather, 1 B.& A. 29, and see Peake's Ev. 257. A settlement between partners, and striking a balance, will enable a plaintiff to maintain an action on such stated account for the balance due him, Ozeas v. Johnson, 4 Dall. 434; S. C. 1 Binn. 191; S. P. Andrews v. Allen, 9 S. & R. 241; and see Lamelere v Caze, 1 W. C.C.R. 435.

6. - 2. It is sufficient, although the account be stated of that which is due to the plaintiff only without making any deduction for any counter-claim for the defendant, Styart v. Rowland, 1 Show. 215. It is not essential that there should be cross demands between the parties or that the defendant's acknowledgment that a certain sum was due from him to the plaintiff, should relate to more than a single debt, or transaction. 6 Maule & Selw. 65; Knowles et al. 13 East, 249. The acknowledgment by the defendant that a certain sum is due, creates an implied promise to pay the amount. Milward v. Ingraham, 2 Mod. 44; Foster v. Allanson, 2 T. R. 480.

7. - 3. A count on an account stated is almost invariably inserted in declarations in assumpsit for the recovery of a pecuniary demand. See form, 1 Chit. PI. 336. It is advisable, generally, to insert such a count, Milward, v. Ingraham, 2 Mod. 44; Trueman v. Hurst, 1 T. R. 42; unless the action be against persons who are incapable in law to state an account. It is not necessary to set forth the subject-matter of the original debt, Milward v. Ingraham, 2 Mod. 44; nor is the sum alleged to be due material. Rolls v. Barnes, 1 Bla. Rep. 65; S. C. 1 Burr. 9.

8. - 4. The count upon an account stated, is supported by evidence of an acknowledgment on the part of the defendant of money due to the plaintiff, upon an account between them. But the sum must have been stated between the parties; it is not sufficient that the balance may be deduced from partnership books. Andrews v. Allen, 9 S.&. R. 241. It is unnecessary to prove the items of which the account consists; it is sufficient to prove some existing antecedent debt or demand between the parties respecting which an account was stated, 5 Moore, 105; 4 B.& C. 235, 242; 6 D.& R. 306; and that a balance was struck and agreed upon; Bartlet v. Emery, 1 T. R. 42, n; for the stating of the account is the consideration of the promise. Bull. N. P. 129. An account stated does not alter the original debt; Aleyn, 72; and it seemsnot to be conclusive against the party admitting the balance against him. 1 T. R. 42. He would probably be allowed to show a gross error or mistake iu the account, if he could adduce clear evidence to that effect. See 1 Esp. R. 159. And see generally tit. Partner's; Chit. Contr. 197; Stark. Ev. 123; 1 Chit. Pl. 343.

9. In courts of equity when a bill for an account has been filed, it is a good defence that the parties have already in writing stated and adjusted the items of the account, and struck a balance; for then an action lies it law, and there is no ground for the interference of a court of equity. 1 Atk. 1; 2 Freem. 62; 4 Cranch, 306; 11 Wheat. 237; 9 Ves. 265; 2 Bro. Ch. R. 310; 3 Bro. Ch. R. 266; 1 Cox, 435.

10. But if there has been any mistake, ommision, fraud, or undue advantage, by which the account stated is in fact vitiated, and the balance incorrectly fixed, a court of equity will open it, and allow it to be re-examined; and where there has been gross fraud it will direct the whole account to be opened, and examined de novo. Fonbl. Eq. b. 1, c. 1 §3, note (f); 1 John. Ch. R. 550.

11. Sometimes the court will allow the account to stand, with liberty to the plaintiff to surcharge and falsify it; the effect of this is, to leave the account in full force and vigor, as a stated account, except so far as it can be impugned by the opposing party. 2 Ves. 565; 11 Wheat. 237. See Falsification; Surcharge.

ACCOUNT OF SALES. comm. law. An account delivered by one merchant or tradesman to another, or by a factor to his principal, of the disposal, charges, commissions and net proceeds of certain merchandise consigned to such merchant, tradesman or factor, to be sold.

ACCOUNTANT. This word has several significations: 1. One who is versed in accounts; 2. A person or officer appointed to keep the accounts of a public company; 3. He who renders to another or to a court a just and detailed statement of the administration of property which he holds as trustee, executor, admnistrator or guardian. Vide 16 Vin. Ab. 155.

ACCOUPLE. To accouple is to marry. See Ne unquas accouple.

TO ACCREDIT, international law. The act by which a diplomatic agent is acknowledged by the government near which he is sent. This at once makes his public character known, and becomes his protection.

ACCRETION. The increase of land by the washing of the seas or rivers. Hale, De Jure Maris, 14. Vide Alluvion; Avulsion.

TO ACCRUE. Literally to grow to; as the interest accrues on the principal.

Accruing costs are those which become due and are created after judgment of an execution.

2. - To accrue means also to arise, to happen, to come to pass; as the statute of limitations does not commence running until the cause of action has accrued. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 861; 2 Rawle, 277; 10 Watts, 363; Bac. Abr. Limitation of Actions, D 3.

ACCUMULATIVE JUDGMENT. A second or additional judgment given against one, who has been convicted, the execution or effect of which is to commence after the first has expired; as, where a man is sentenced to an imprisonment for six months on conviction of larceny, and, afterwards he is convicted of burglary, he may be sentenced to undergo an imprisonment for the latter crime, to commence after the expiration of the first imprisonment; this is called an accumulative jufgment.

ACCUSED. One who is charged with a crime or misdemeanor.

ACCUSATION, crim. law. A charge made to a competent officer against one who has committed a crime or misdemeanor, so that he may be brought to justice and punishment.

2. A neglect to accuse may in some cases be consicleied a misdemeanor, or misprision. (q. v.) 1 Bro. Civ. Law, 247; 2 Id. 389; Inst. lib. 4, tit. 18.

3. It is a rule that no man is bound to accuse himself, or to testify against himself in a criminal case. Accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo. Vide Evidence; Interest; Witness.

ACCUSER. One who makes an accusation.

ACHAT. This French word signifies a purchase. It is used in some of our law books, as well as achetor, a purchaser, which in some ancient statutes means purveyor. Stat. 36 Edw. III.

ACHERSET, obsolete. An ancient English measure of grain, supposed to be the same with their quarter or eight bushels.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT, conveyancing. The act of the grantor going before a competent officer, and declaring the instrument to be his act or deed, and desiring the same to be recorded as such. The certificate of the officer on the instrument, that such a declaration has been made to him, is also called an acknowledgment. The acknowledgment or due proof of the instrument by witnesses, must be made before it can be put upon record.

2. Below will be found the law of the several states relating to the officer before whom the acknowledgment must be made. Justice requires that credit should be here givem for the valuable information which has been derived on this subject from Mr. Hilliard's Abridgment of the American Law of Real Property, and from. Griffith's Register. Much valuable information has also been received on this subject from the correspondents of the author.

3. Alabama. Before one of the judges of the superior court, or any one of the justices of the county court; Act of March 3, 1803; or before any one of the superior judges or justices of the quorum of the territory (state); Act of Dec. 12, 1812; or before the clerks of the circuit and county courts, within their respective counties; Act of Nov. 21, 1818; or any two justices of the peace; Act of Dee. 17, 1819; or clerks of the circuit. courts, for deeds conveying lands anywhere in the state; Act of January 6, 1831; or before any notary public, Id, sec. 2; or before one justice of the peace; Act of January 5, 1836; or before the clerks of the county courts; Act of Feb. 1, 1839; See Aiken's Dig. 88, 89, 90, 91, 616; Meek's Suppl. 86.

4. When the acknowledgment is out of the state, in one of the United States or territories thereof, it may be made before the chief justice or any associate judge of the supreme court of the United States, or any judge or or justice of the superior court of any state, or territory in the Union. Aiken's Dig. 89.

5. When it is made out of the United States, it may be made before and certified by any court of law, mayor or other chief magistrate of any city, borough or corporation of the kingdom, state, nation, or colony, where it is made. Act of March 3,1803.

6. When a feme covert is a grantor, the officer must certify that she was examined "separately and apart from her said hushand and that on such private examination, she acknowledged that she signed, sealed and delivered the deed as her voluntary act and deed, freely and without any threat, fear, or compulsion, of her said hushand."

7. Arkansas. The proof or acknowledgment of every deed or instrument of writing for the conveyance of real estate, shall be taken by some one of the following courts or officers: 1. When acknowledged or proven within this state, before the supreme court, the circuit court, or either of the judges thereof, or of the clerk of either of the said courts, or before the county court, or the judge thereof, or before an justice of the peace or notary public.

8. - 2. When acknowledged or proven without this state, and within the United States or their territories, before any court of the United States, or of any state or territory having a seal, or the clerk of any such court, or before the mayor of any city or town, or the chief officer of any city or town having a seal of office.

9. - 3.When acknowledged or proven without the United States, before any court of any state, kingdom or empire having a seal, or any mayor or chief officer of any city. or town having an official seal, or before any, officer of any foreign country, who by the laws of such country, is authorized to take probate of the conveyance of real estate of his own country, if such officer has by law an official seal.

10. The conveyance of any real estate by any married woman, or the relinquishment of her dower in any of her hushand's real estate, shall be authenticated, and the title passed, by such married woman voluntarily appearing before the proper court or officer, and, in the absence of her hushand, declaring that she had of her own free will executed the deed or instrument in question, or that she had signed and sealed the relinquishment of dower for the purposes therein contained and set forth, without any compulsion or undue influence of her hushand. Act of Nov. 30, 1837, s. 13, 21; Rev. Stat. 190, 191.

11. In cases of ackkowledgment or proof of deeds or conveyances of real estate taken within the United States or territories thereof, when taken before a court or officer, having a seal of office, such deed or conveyance shall be attested under such seal of office; and if such officer have no seal of office, then under the official signature of such officer, Idem, s. 14; Rev. Stat. 190.

12. In all cases of deeds, and conveyances proven or acknowledged without the United States or their territories, such acknowledgment or proof must be attested under the official seal of the court or officer before whom such probate is had. Idem, s. 15. 13. Every court or officer that shall take the proof or acknowledgment of any deed or conveyance of real estate, or the relinquishment of dower of any married woman in any conveyance of the estate of her hushand, shall grant a certificate thereof, and cause such certificate to be endorsed on the said deed, instrument, conveyance or relinquishment of dower, which certificate shall be signed by the clerk of the court where the probate is taken in court, or by the officer before whom the same is taken and sealed, if he have a seal of office. Idem, s. 16.

14. Connecticut. In this state, deeds must be acknowledged before a judge of the supreme or district court of the United States, or the supreme or superior court, or court of common pleas or county court of this state, or a notary public.

15. When the acknowledgment is made in another state or territory of the United States, it must be before some officer or commisioner having power to take acknowledgments there.

16. When made out of the United States before a resident American consul, a justice of the peace, or notary public, no different form is used, and no different examination of a feme covert from others. See Act of 1828; Act of 1833; 1 Hill. Ab. c. 34, s. 82.

17. Delaware. Before the supreme court, or the court of common pleas of any county, or a judge of either court, or the chancellor, or two justices of the peace of the same county.

18. The certificate of an acknowledgment in court must be under the seal of the court.

19. A feme covert may also make her acknowledgment before the same officers, who are to examine her separately from her hushand.

20. An acknowledgment out of the state, may be made before a judge of any court of the United States, the chancellor or judge of a court of record, of the said court itself, or the chief officer of a city or borough, the certificate to be under the official seal; if by a judge, the seal to be affixed to his certificate, or to that of the clerk or keeper of the seal. Commissioners appointed in other states may also take acknowledgments. 2 Hill. Ab. 441 ; Griff. Reg. h. t.

21. Florida. Deeds and mortgages must be acknowledged within the state before the officer authorized by law to record the same, or before some judicial officers of this state. Out of the state, but within some other state or territory of the United States, before a commissioner of Florida, appointed under the act passed January 24, 1831; and where there is no commissioner, or heis unable to attend) before the chief justice, judge, presiding judge, or president of any court of record of the United States or of any state or territory thereof having a seal and a clerk or prothonotary. The certificate must show, first, that the acknowledgment was taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the officer; secondly, the court of which he is such officer. And it must be accompanied by the certificate of the clerk or prothonotary of the court of which he is judge, justice or president, under the seal of said court that he is duly appointed and authorized as such. Out of the United States. If in Europe, or in North or South America, before. any minister plenipotentiary, or minister extraordinary, or any cbarge d'affaires, or consul of the United States, resident or accredited there. If in any part of Great Britain and Ireland, or the dominions thereeunto belonging, before the consul of the United States, resident or accredited therein, or before the mayor or other chief magistrate of London, Bristol, Liverpool, Dublin or Edinburgh, the certificate to be under the hand and seal of the officer.In any other place out of the United States, where there is no public minister, consul or vice consul, commercial agent or vice commercial agent of the United States, before two subscribing witnesses and officers of such place, and the identity of such civil officer and credibility, shall be certified by a consul or vice consulof the United States, of the government of which such place is a part.

22. The certificate of acknowledgmeut of a married, woman must state that she was examined apart from her hushand, that she executed such deeds, &c., freely and without any fear or compulsion of her hushand.

23. Georgia. Deeds of conveyance of land in the state must be executed in the preseace of two witnesses, and proved before a justice of the peace, a justice of the inferior court, or one of the judges of the superior courts.If executed in the presence of one witness and a magistrate, no probate is required. Prince's Dig. 162; 1 Laws of Geo. 115.

24. When out of the state, but in the United States, they may be proved by affidavit of one or more of the witnesses thereto, before any governor, chief justice, mayor, or other justice, of either of the United States, and certified accordingly, and transmitted under the common or public seal of the state, court, city or place, where the same is taken. The affidavit must express the place of the affidant's abode. Idem.

25. There is no state law, directing how the acknowledgment shall be made when it is made out of the United States.

26. By an act of the legislature passed in 1826, the widow is barred, of her dower in all lands of her deceased hushand, that he aliens or conveys away during the coverture, except such lands as he acquired by his intermarriage with his wife; So that no relinquishment of dower by the wife is necessary, unless the lands came to her hushand by her. Prince's Dig.249; 4 Laws of Geo. 217. The magistrate should certify that the wife did declare that freely, and without compulsion, she signed, sealed and delivered the instrument of writing between the parties, naming them and that she did renounce all title or claim to dower that she might claim or be entitled to after death of her hushand, (naming him.) 1 Laws of. Geo. 112; Prince's Dig. 160.

27. Indiana. Before the recorder of the county in which the lands may, be situate, or one of the judges of the supreme court of this state, or before one of the judges of the circuitcourt, or some justice of the peace of the county within which the estate may be situate, before notaries public, or before probate judges. Ind. Rev. Stat. c. 44, s. 7; Id. eh. 74; Act of Feb. 24, 1840.

28. All deeds and conveyances made and executed by any person without this state and brought within it to be recorded, the acknowledgment having been lawfully made before any judge or justice of the peace of the proper county in which such deed may have been made and executed, and certified under the seal of such county by the proper officer, shall be valid and effectual in law. Rev. Code, c. 44, s. 11 App. Jan. 24, 1831.

29. When ackkowledged by a feme covert, it must be certified that she was examined separate and apart from her hushand; that the full contents of the deed were made known to her; that she did then and there declare that she had, as her own voluntary act and deed, signed, sealed and executed the said deed of her own free will and accord, without any fear or compulsion from her said hushand.

30. Illinois. Before a judge or justice of the supreme or districtcourts of the United States, a commissioner authorized to take acknowledgments, a judge or justice of the supreme, superior or district court of any of the United States or territories, a justice of the peace, the clerk of a court of record, mayor of a city, or notary public; the last three shall give a certificate under their official seal.

31. The certificate must state that the party is known to the officer, or that his identity has been proved by a credible witness, naming him. When the acknowledgment is taken by a justice of the peace of the state, residing in the county where the lands lie, no other certificate is required than his own; when heresides in another county, there shall be a certificate of the clerk of the county commissioners court of the proper county, under seal, to his official capacity.

32. When the justice of the peace taking the acknowledgment resides out of the state, there shall be added to the deed a certificate of the proper clerk, that the person officiating is a justice of the peace.

33. The deed of a feme covert is acknowledged before the same officers. The certificate must state that she is known to the officer, or that. her identity has been proved by a witness who must be named; that the officer informed her of the contents of the deed; that she was separately examined; that she acknowledged the execution and release to be made freely, voluntarily, and without the compulsion of her hushand.

34. When the hushand and wife reside in the state, and the latter is over eighteen years of age, she may convey her lands, with formalities substanially the same as those used in a release of dower; she acknowledges the instrument to be her act and deed, and that she does not wish to retract.

35. When she resides out of the state, if over eighteen, she may join her hushand in any writing relating to lands in the state, in which case her acknowledgmeut is the same as if she were a feme sole. Ill. Rev. L. 135-8; 2 Hill Ab. 455, 6.

36. Kentucky. Acknowledgments taken in the State must be before the clerk of a county court, clerk of the general court, or clerk of the court of appeals. 4 Litt. L. of K. 165 ; or before two justices of the peace, 1 Litt. L. of K. 152.; or before the mayor of the city of Louisville. Acts of 1828, p. 219, s. 12.

37. When in another state or territory of the United States, before two justices of the peace, 1 Litt. L. of K. 152; or before any court of law, mayor, or other chief magistrate of any city, town or corporation of the county where the grantorsdwell, Id. 567; or before any justice or judge of a superior or inferior court of law. Acts of 1831, p. 128.

38. When made out of the United States, before a mayor of a city, or consul of the U. S. residing there' or, before the chief, magistrate of such state or country, to be authenticated in the usual manner such officers authenticate the official act's. Acts of 1831, p. 128, s. 5.

39. When a feme covert acknowledges the deed, the certificate must state that she was examined by the officer separate and apart from her hushand, that she declared that she did freely and willingly seal and deliver the said writing, and wishes not to retract it, and acknowledged the said writing again shown and explained to her, to be her act and deed, and consents that the same may be recorded.

40. Maine. Before a justice of the peace in this state, or any justice of the peace, magistrate, or notary public, within the United States, or any commissioner appointed for that purpose by the governor of this state, or before any minister or cousul of the United States, or notary public in any foreign country. Rev. St. t. 7, c. 91, 7; 6 Pick. 86.

41. No peculiar form for the certificate of acknowledgment is prescribed; it is required that the hushand join in the deed. "The joint deed of hushand and wife shall be effectual to convey her real estate, but not to bind her to any covenant or estoppel therein." Rev. St. t. 7, c. 91, §5.

42. Maryland. Before two justices of the peace of the county where the lands lie, or where the grantor lives, or before a judge of the county court of the former county, or the mayor of Annapolis for Anne Arundel county. When the acknowledgment is made in another county than that in which the lands are situated, an in which the party Eves, the clerk of the court must certify under the court seal, the official capacity of the acting justices or judge.

43. When the grantor resides out of the state, a commission issues on, application of the purchaser, and with the written consent of the grantor, from the clerk of the county court where the landlies, to two or more commissioners at the grantee's residence; any two of whom may take the acknowledgment, and shall certify it under seal and return the commission to be recorded with the deed; or the grantor may empower an attorney in the state to acknowledge for him, the power to be incorporated in the deed, or annexed to it, and proved by a subscribing witness before the county court, or two justices of the peace where the land lies, or a district judge, or the governor or a mayor, notary public, court or judge thereof, of the place where it is. executed; in each case the certificate to be under an official seal. By the acts of 1825, c. 58, and 1830, c. 164 the acknowledgment in another state may be before a judge of the U. S. or a judge of a court of record of the state. and county where the grantor may be the clerk to certify under seal, the official character of the magristrate.

44. By the act of 1837, c. 97, commissioners may be appointed by authority of the state, who shall reside in the other states or territories of the United States who shall be authorized to take acknowledgment of deeds. The act of 1831, c. 205, requires that the officer shall certify knowledge of the parties.

45. The acknowledgment of a feme covert must be made separate and apart from her hushand. 2 Hill. Ab. 442; Griff. Reg. h. t. See also, 7 Gill & J. 480; 2 Gill. & J. 173 6 Harr. & J. 336; 3 Harr. & J.371 ; 1 Harr. & J. 178; 4 Harr. & M'H. 222.

46. Massachusetts. Before a justice of the peace or magistrate out of the state. It has been held that an American consul at a foreign port, is a magistrate. 13 Pick. R. 523. An acknowledgment by one of two grantors has been held, sufficient to authorize the registration of a deed; and a wife need not, therefore, acknowledge the conveyance when she joins with her hushand. 2 Hill.

Ab. c. 34, s. 45.

47. Michigan. Before a judge of a court of record, notary public, justice of the peace, or master in chancery; and in case of the death of the grantor, or his departure from the state, it may be proved by one of the subscribing witnesses before any court of record in the state. Rev. St. 208 Laws of 1840, p. 166.

48, When, the deed is acknowledged out of the state of Michigan, but in the United States, or an of the territories of the U. S., it is to be acknowledged according to the laws of such state or territory, with a certificate of the proper county clerk, under his seal of office, that such deed is executed according to the laws of such state or territory, attached thereto.

49. When acknowledged in a foreign country, it may be executed according to the laws of such foreign country, but, it must in such. case, be acknowledged before a minister plenipotentiary , consul, or charge d'affaires of the United States and the acknowledgment must be certified by the officer before whom the same was taken. Laws of 1840, p. 166, sec. 2 and 3.

50. When the acknowledgment is made by a feme covert, the certificate must state that on a private examination of such feme' covert, separate and apart from her hushand, she acknowledged that she executed the deed without fear or compulsion from any one. Laws of 1840, p. 167, sec. 4.

51. Mississippi. When in the state, deeds may be acknowledged, or proved by one or more of the subscribing witnesses to them, before any judge of the high court of errors and appeals, or a judge of the circuit courts, or judge of probate, and certified by such judge; or before any notary public, or clerk of any court of record. in this state, and certified by such notary or clerk under the seal of his office; How. & Hutch. c. 34, s. 99, p. 868, Law of .1833 ; or before any justice of that county, where the land, or any part thereof, is situated; Ib. p. 343, s. 1 , Law of 1822; or before any, member of the board of police, in his respective county. Ib. p. 445, c. 38, s. 50, Law of 1838.

52. When in another state or territory of the United States, such deeds must be acknowledged, or proved as aforesaid, before a judge of the supreme court or of the district courts of the United States, or before any judge of the supreme or superior court of any state or territory in the Union; How. & Hutch. 846) c. 34, s. 13, Law of 1832; or before and certified by any judge of any inferior or county court of record, or before any justice of the peace of the state or territory and county, wherein such person or witness or witnesses may then be or reside, and authenticated by the certificate of the clerk or register of the superior county or circuit court of such county, with a seal of his office thereto affixed; or if taken before or certified by a justice of the peace, shall be authenticated by the certificate of either the clerk of the Said inferior or county court of record of such county, with the seal of his office thereto affixed. Laws of Mississippi, Jan. 27, 1841, p. 132.

53. When out of the United States, such acknowledgment, or proof as, afore said, must be made before an court of law, or mayor, or other chief magistrate of any city, borough or corporation of such foreign kingdom, state, nation, or colony, in which the said parties or witnesses reside; certified by the court, mayor, or chief magistrate, in a manner such acts are usually authenticated by him. How. & Hutch, 346, c. 34, s. 14, Law of 1822.

54. When made by a feme covert, the certificate must state that she made previous acknowledgment, on a private examination, apart from her hushand before the proper officer, that she sealed and delivered the same as her act and deed, freely, without any fear, threat or compulsion of her hushand. How. & Hutch. 347, c. 34, s. 19, Law of 1822.

55. Missouri. In the state, before some court having a seal, or some judge, justice or clerk thereof, or a justice of the peace in the county where the land lies. Rev. Code, 1835, §8, p. 120.

56. Out of the state, but in the United States, before any court of the United States, or of any state or territory, having a seal, or the clerk thereof. Id. cl. 2.

57. Out of the United States, before any court of any state, kingdom or empire having a seal, or the mayor of any city having an official seal.

58. Every court or officer taking the acknowledgment of such instrument or relinquishment of dower or the deed of the wife of the hushand's land, shall endorse a certificate thereof upon the instrument; when made before a court, the certificate shall beunder its seal; if by a clerk, under his band and the seal of the court; when before an officer having an official seal, under his hand and seal; when by an officer having no seal, under his hand. The certificate must state thatthe party was personally known to the judge or other officer as the signer, or proved to be such by two credible witnesses. Misso. St. 120-122 ; 2 Hill. Ab. 453; Griff. h. t.

59. When the acknowledgment is made by a feme covert, releasing her dower, the certificate must statethat she is personally known to a judge of the court, or the officer before whom the deed is acknowledged, or that, her identity was proved by two credible witnesses; it must also state that she was informed of the contents of the deed; that it was acknowledged separate and apart from her hushand; that she releases her dower freely without compulsion or undue conveyance of her own lands, the acknowledgment may be made before any court authorized to take acknowledgments. It must be done as in the cases of release of dower, and have a similar certificate. Ib.

60. New Hampshire. Before a justice of the peace or a notary public; and the acknowledgment of a deed before a notary public in another state is good. 2 N. H. Rep. 420 2 Hill. Ab. c. 34, s. 61.

61. New Jersey. In the state, before the chancellor, a justice of the supreme court of this state, a master in chancery, or a judge of any inferior court of common pleas, whether in the same or a different county; Rev. Laws, 458, Act of June 7, 1799 ; or before a commissioner for taking the acknowledgments or proofs of deeds, two of whom are appointed by the legislature in each township, who are authorized to take acknowledgments or proofs of deeds in any part of the state. Rev. Laws, 748, Act of June 5, 1820.

62. In another state or territory of the United States, before a judge of the supreme court of the United States, or a district judge of the United States, or any judge or justice of the supreme or superior court of any state in the Union; Rev. Laws, 459, Act of June 7, 1799; or before a mayor or other chief magistrate of any city in any other state or territory of the U. S., and duly certified under the seal of such city; or before a judge of any, superior

court, or court of common pleas of any state or territory; when, taken before a judge of a court of common pleas, it must be accompanied by a certificate under the great seal of the state, or the seal of the county court in which it is made, that he is such officer; Rev. Laws, 747, Act of June 5, 1820; or before a commissioner appointed by the overnor, who resides in such state; Harr. Comp. 158, Act of December 27, 1826; two of whom may be appointed for each of the States of New York and Pennsylvania. Elmer's Dig. Act of Nov. 3, 1836.

63. When made out of the United States, the acknowledgment may be before any court of law, or mayor,-or other magistrate, of any city, borough or corporation of a foreign kingdom, state, nation or colony, in which the party or hiswitnesses reside, certified by the said court, mayor, or chief magistrate, in the manner in which such acts are usually authenticated by him. Rev. Laws, 459, Act of June 7, 1799. The certificate. in all cases must state that the officer who makes it, first made known the contents of the deed to the person making the acknowledgment, and that he was satisfied such person was the grantor mentioned in the deed.Rev. Laws, 749, Act of June 5, 1820.

64. When the acknowledgment is made by a feme covert, the certificate must state that on a private examination, apart from her hushand, before a proper officer, (ut supra,) she acknowledged that she signed, sealed, and delivered the deed, as her voluntary act and deed, freely, without any fear, threats or compulsion of her hushand. Rev. Laws, 459, Act of June 7, 1799..

65. New York. Before the chancellor or justice of the supreme court, circuit judge, supreme court commissioner, judge of the county court, mayor or recorder of a city, or, commissioner of deeds; a couuty judge or commissioner of deeds for a city or county, not to act out of the same.

66. When the party resides in another state, before a judge of the United States, or a judge or justice of the supreme, superior or circuit court of any state or territory of the United States, Within his own jurisdiction. By a statute passed in 1840, chap. 290, the governor is authorized to appoint commissioners in other states, to take the acknowledgment and proof of deeds and other instruments.

67. When the party is in Europe or other parts of America, before a resident minister or charge d'affaires of the United States; in France, before the United States consul at Paris; in Russia, before the same officer at St. Petershurg; in the British dominions, before the Lord Mayor of London, the chief magistrate of Dublin, Edinburgh, or Liverpool, or the United States consul at London. The certificate to be uuder the hand and official seal of such officer. It may also be made before any person specially authorized by the court of chancery of this state.

68. The officer must in all cases be satisfied of the identity of the party, either from his own knowledge or from the oath or affirmation of a witness, who is to be named in the certificate.

69. A feme covert must be privately examined; but if out of the state this is unnecessary. 2 Hill. Ab. 434; Griff. Reg. h. t.

70. By the act passed April 7, 1848, it is provided, that: §1. The proof or acknowledgment of auy deed or other written, instrument required to be proved or acknowledged, inorder to entitle the same to be recorded or read in evidence, when made by any person residing out of this state and within any other state or territory of the United States, may be made before any officer of such state or territory, authorized by the laws thereof to take the proof and acknowdgment of deeds and when so taken and certified as by the act is provided, shall be entitled to be recorded in any county in this state, and may be read in evidence in any court iu this state, in the sae manner and with like effect, as proofs and acknowledgments taken before auy of the officers now authorized by law to take such proofs and acknowledgments: Provided that no such acknowledgment shall be valid unless the officer taking the same shall know or have satisfactory evidence that the person making such acknowledgment is the individual described in, and who executed the deed or instrument.

71. - 2. To entitle any conveyance or other written instrument acknowledged or proved under the preceding section, to be read in evidence or recorded in this state, there shall be subjoined to the certificate of proof or acknowledgment, signed by such officer, a certificate under the name and official seal of the clerk or register of the county in which such officer resides, specifying that such officer was at the time of taking such proof or acknowledgment, duly authorized to take the same, and that such clerk or register is well acquainted with the handwriting of such officer, and verily believes that the signature to said certificate of proof and acknowledgment, is genuine.

72. North Carolina. The acknowledgment or proof of deeds for the conveyance of lands, when taken or made in the state, must be before one of the judges of the supreme court, or superior court, or in the court of the county where the land lieth. 1 ltev. Stat. c. 37, s.. 1.

73. When in another state or territory of the United States, or the District of Columbia, the deed must be acknowledged, or proved, before some one of the judges of the superior courts of law, or circuit courts of law of superior jurisdiction, within the said state, &c., with a certificate of the governor of the said state or territory, or of the secretary of state of the United St-ates, when in the District of Columbia, of the official character of the judge; or before a commissioner appointed by the governor of this state according to law. 1 Rev. Stat. c. 37, s. 5.

74. When out of the United States, the deeds must be acknowledged, or proved, before the chief magistrate of some city, town, or corporation of the countries where the said deeds were executed; or before some ambassador, publio minister, consul, or commercial agent, with proper certificate under their official seals; 1 Rev. Stat. c. 37 s. 6. and 7; or before a commissioner in such foreign country, under a commission from the county court where the land lieth. See. 8.

75. When acknowledged by a feme covert, the certificate must state that she was privily examined by the proper officer, that she acknowledged the due execution of the deed, and declared that she executed the same freely, voluntarily, and without the fear or compulsion of her hushand, or any other person, and, that she then assented thereto. When she is resident of another county, or so infirm that she cannot travel to the judge, or county court, the deed may be acknowledged by the hushand, or proved by witnesses, and a commission in a prescribed form may be issued for taking the examination of the wife. 1 Rev. Stat. c. 37, s. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14.

76. Ohio. In the state, deeds and other instruments affecting lands must be acknowledged before a judge of the supreme court, a judge of the court of common pleas, a justice of the peace, notary public, mayor, or other presiding officer of an incorporated town or city. Ohio Stat. vol. 29, p. 346, Act of February 22, 1831, which went in force June 1, 1831 Swan's Coll. L. 266, s. 1.

77. When made out of the state, whether in another state or territory, or out of the U. S., they must be acknowledged, or proved, according to the laws of the state, territory or country, where they are executed, or according to the laws of the state of Ohio. Swan's Coll. L. 265, 8. 5.

78. When made by a feme covert, the certificate must state that she was examined by the officer, separate and apart from her hushand, and the contents of the deed were fully made known to her; that she did declare upon such separate examination, that she voluntarily sign, seal, and acknowledge the same, and that she is still satisfied therewith.

79. Pennsylvania. Before a judge of the supreme court, or of the courts of common pleas, the district courts, or before any mayor or alderman, or justice of the peace of the commonwealth, or before the recorder of the city of PhLiladelphia.

80. When made out of the state, and within the United States, the acknowledgment may be before one of the judges of the supreme or district courts of the United States, or before an one of the judges or justices of the supreme or superior courts, or courts of common pleas of any state or territory within the United States; and so certified under the hand of the said judge, and the seal of the court. Conmmissioners appointed by the governor, residing in either of the United States or of the District of Columbia, are also authorized to take acknowledgment of deeds.

81. When made out of the United States, the acknowledgment may, be made before any consul or vice-consul of the United States, duly appointed for and exercising consular functions in the state, kingdom, country or place where such an acknowledgment may be made, and certified under the public or official seal of such consul or vice-consul of the United States. Act of January 16, 1827. By the act May 27th, 1715, s. 4, deeds made out of the province [state] may be proved by the oath or solemn affirmation of one or more of the witnesses thereunto, before one or more of the justices of the peace of this province [state], or before any mayor or chief magistrate or officer of the cities, towns or places, where such deed or conveyances are so proved. The proof must be certified by the officer under the common or public seal of the cities, towns, or places where such conveyances are so proved. But by construction it is now established that a deed acknowledged before such officer is valid, although the act declares it shall be proved. 1 Pet. R. 433.

82. The certificate of the acknowledgment of a feme covert must state, 1, that she is of full age; 2, that the contents of the instrument have been made known to her; 3, that she has been examined separate and apart from her hushand; and, 4, that she executed the deed of her own free will and accord, without any coercion or compulsion of her hushand. It is the constant practice of making the certificate, under seal, though if it be merely under the hand of the officer, it will be sufficient. Act of Feb. 19, 1835.

83. By the act of the 16th day of April, 1840, entitled. "An act incorporating the Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal congregation for the borough of Reading, and for other purposes," Pamph. Laws, 357, 361, it is provided by §15, "That any and every grant, bargain and sale, release, or other deed of conveyance or assurance of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments in this commonwealth, heretofore bona fide made, executed and delivered by hushand and wife within any other of the United States, where the acknowledgmentof the execution thereof has been taken, and certified by any officer or officers in any of the states where made and executed, who, was, or were authorized by the laws of such state to take and certify the acknowledgment of deeds of conveyance of lands therein, shall be deemed and adjudged to be as good, valid and effectual in law for transferring, passing and conveying the estate, right, title and interest of such hushand and wife of, in, and to the lands; tenements and hereditaments therein mentioned, and be in like manner entitled to be recorded, as if the acknowledgment of the execution of the same deed had been in the same and like way, manner and form taken and certified by any judge, alderman, or justice of the peace, of and within this commonwealth. §16. That no grant, bargain and sale, feoffment, deed of conveyance, lease, release, assignment, or other assurance of any lands, tenements and hereditaments whatsoever, heretofore bona fide made and executed by hushand and wife, and acknowledged by them before some judge, justice of the peace, alderman, or other officer authorized by law, within this state, or an officer in one of the United States, to take such acknowledgment, or which may be so made, executed and acknowledged as aforesaid, before the first day of January next, shall be deemed, held or adjudged, invalid or, defective, or insufficient in law, or avoided or prejudiced, by reason of any informality or omissiou in setting forth the particulars of the acknowledgment made before such officer, as aforesaid, in the certificate thereof, but all and every such grant, bargain and sale, feoffment, deed of conveyance, lease, release, assigument or other assurance so made, executed and acknowledged as aforesaid, shall be as good, valid and effectual in law for transferring, passing and conveying the estate, right, title and interest of such hushand and wife of, in, and to the lands, tenements and hereditaments mentioned in the same, as if all the requisites and particulars of such acknowledgment mentioned in the act, entitle an act for the better confirmation of the estates of persons holding or claiming under feme coverts, and for establishing a mode by which hushand and wife may hereafter convey their estates, passed the twenty-fourth day of February, one thousand seven hundred and seventy, were particularly set forth in the certificate thereof, or appeared upon the face of the same."

84. By the act of the 3d day of April, 1840, Pamph. L. 233, it is enacted, "That where any deed, conveyance, or other instrument of writing has been or shall be made and executed, either within or out of this state, and the acknowledgment or proof thereof, duly certified, by any officer under seal, according to the existing laws of this commmonwealth, for the purpose of being recorded therein, such certificate shall be deemed prima facie evidence of such execution and acknowledgment, or proof, without requiring proof of the said seal, as fully, to all intents and purposes, and with the same effect only, as if the same had been so acknowledged or proved before any judge, justice of the peace, or alderman within this commonwealth."

85. The act relating to executions and for other purposes, passed 16th April, 1840, Pamph. L. 412, enacts, §7, " That the recorders of deeds shall have authority to take the acknowledgment and proof of the execution of any deed, mortgage, or other conveyance of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments lying or being in the county, for which they are respectively appointed as recorders of deeds, or within every city, district, or part thereof, or for any contract, letter of attorney, or any other writing, under seal, to be used or recorded within their respective counties and such acknowledgment or proof, taken or made in the manner directed by the laws of this state, and certified by the said recorder, under his hand and seal of office; which certificate shall be endorsed or annexed to said deed or instrument aforesaid, shall have the same force and effect, and be as good and available in law, for all purposes, as if the same had been made or taken before any judge of the supreme court, or president or associate judge of any of the courts of common pleas within this commonwealth."

86. Rhode Island. Before any senator, judge, justice of the peace, or town clerk. When the acknowledgment is made in another state or country, it must be before a judge, justice, mayor or, notary public therein, and certifiedunder his hand and seal.

87. A wife releasing dower need not acknowledge the deed; but to a conveyance an acknowledgment and private examination are necessary. 2 Hill. Ab. c. 34, s. 94.

88. South Carolina. Before a judge of the supreme court. A feme covert may release her dower or convey her own estate, by joining with her hushand in a deed, and being privately examined, in the latter case, seven days afterwards, before a judge of law or equity, or a justice of the quorum; she may also release dower by a separate deed.

89. The certificate of the officer is under seal and signed by the woman. Deeds may be proved upon the oath of one witness before a magistrate, and this is said to be the general practice.

90. When the deed is to be executed out of the state, the justices of the county where the land lies, or a judge of the court of common pleas, may by dedimus empower two or more justices of the county where the grantor resides, to tale his acknowledgment upon the oath of two witnesses to the execution. 2 Hill. Ab. 448, 9; Griff. Reg. b. t.

91.Tennessee. A deed or power of attorney to convey land must be acknowledged or proved by two subscribing witnesses, in the court of the county, or the court of the district where the land lies. The certificate of acknowledgment must be endorsed upon the deed by the clerk of the court.

93. The ackiaowledgment of a feme covert is made. before a court of record in the state, or, if the parties live out of it, before a court of record iu another state or territory; and if the wife is unable to attend court, the acknowledgment may be before commissioners empowered by the court of the county in which the hushand acknowledges the commission to be returned certified with the court seal, and recorded.

94. In all these cases the certificate must state that the wife has been privately examined. The seal of the court is to be annexed when the deed is to be used out of the state, when made in it, and vice. versa; in which case there is to be a seal and a certificate of the presiding judge or justice to the official station, of the clerk, and the due formality of the attestation. By the statute of 1820, the acknowledgment in other states may be conformable to the laws of the state, in which the grantor resides.

95. By the act of 1831, c, 90, s. 9, it is provided, that all deeds or conveyances for land made without the limits of this state, shall be proved as heretofore, or before a notary public under his seal of office. Caruthers & Nicholson's Compilation of the Stat. of Tenn. 593.

96. The officer must certify that he is acquainted with the grantor, and that he is an inhabitant of the state. There must also be a certificate of the governor or secretary under the great seal, or a judge of the superior court that the acknowledgment is in due form.Griff. Reg. h. t. ; 2 Hill. Ab. 458.

97. By an act passed during the session of 1839-1840, chap. 26, it is enacted, §1. "That deeds of every description may be proved by two subscribing witnesses, or acknowledged and recorded, and may then be read in, evidence. 2. That deeds executed beyond the limits of the United States may be proved or acknowledged before a notary public, or before any consul, minister, or ambassador of the United States, or before a commissioner of the state. 3. That the govornor may appoint commissioners in other states and in foreign countries for the proof, &c. of deeds. 4. Affidavits taken as above, as to pedigree or heirship, may be received as evidence, by executors or administrators, or in regard to the partition and distribution of property or estates." See 2 Yerg. 91, 108, 238, 400, 520; 3 Yerg. 81; Cooke, 431.

98. Vermont. 1. All deeds and other conveyances of lands, or any estate or interest therein, shall be signed and sealed by the party granting the same, and signed by two or more witnesses, and acknowledged by the grantor, before a justice of the peace. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, c. 6, s. 4.

99. Every deed by the hushand and wife shall contain an acknowledgment by the wife, made apart from her hushand, before a judge of the supreme court, a judge of the county court, or some justice of the peace, that she executed such conveyance freely, and without any fear or compulsion of her hushand; a certificate of which acknowledgment, so taken, shall be endorsed on the deed by the, authority taking the same. Id. s. 7.

100. - 2. All deeds and other conveyances, and powers of attorney for the conveyance of lands, the acknowledgment or proof of which shall have been, or hereafter shall be taken without this state, if certified agreeably to the laws of the state, province, or kingdom in which it was taken, shall be as valid as though the same were taken before some proper officer or court, within this state; and the proof of the same may be taken, and the same acknowledged with like effect, before any justice of the peace, magistrate, or notary public, within the United States, or in any foreign country, or before any commissioner appointed for that purpose by the governor of this state, or before any minister,cbarge d'affaires, or consul of the United States in any foreign countryand the acknowledgment of a deed a feme in the form required by covert, by this chapter may be taken by either of the said persons Id. 9.

101. Virginia. Before the general court, or the court of the district, county, city, or corporation where some part of the land lies; when the party lives out of the state or of the district or county where the land lies, the acknowledgment may be before any court of law, or the chief magistrate of any city, town, or corporation of the country where the party resides, and certified by him in the usual form.

102. When a married woman executes the deed, she appears in court and is examined privately by one of the judges, as to her freely signing the instrument, and continuing satisfied with it, the deed being shown and explained to her. She acknowledges the deed before the court, or else before two justices of the county where she dwells, or the magistrate of a corporate town, if she lives within the United States; these officers being empowered by a commission from the clerk of the court where the deed, is to be recorded, to examine her and to take her acknowledgment. If she is out of the United States, the commission authorizes two judges or justices of any court of law, or the, chief magistrate of any city, town, or corporation, in her county, and is executed as by two justices in the United States.

103. The certificate is to be authenticated in the usual form. 2 Hill. Ab. 444, 5; Griff. Reg. h. t.; 2 Leigh's R, 186; 2 Call. R. 103 ; 1 Wash. R. 319.

ACQUETS, estates in the civil law. Property which has been acquired by purchase, gift or otherwise than by succession. Merlin Rep. h. t., confines acquets to immovable property.

2. In Louisiana they embrace the profits of all the effects, of which the hushand has the administration and enjoyment, either of right or in fact, of the produce of the reciprocal industry and labor of both hushand and wife, and of the estates which they may acquire during the marriage, either by donations, made jointly to them both, or by purchase, or in any other similar way, even although the purchase be only in the name of one of the two, and not of both, because in that case the period of time when the purchase is made is alone attended to, and not the person who made the purchase. Civ. Code, art. 2371.

3. This applies to all marriages contracted in that state, or out of it, when the parties afterward go there to live, as to acquets afterward made there.Ib. art. 2370.

4. The acquets are divided into two equal portions between the hushand and wife, or between their heirs at the dissolution of their marriage. Ib. art. 2375.

5. "The Parties may, however, lawfully stipulate there shall be no community of profits or gains. Ib. art. 2369.

6. But the parties have no right to agree that they shall be governed by the laws of another country.' 3 Martin's Rep. 581. Vide 17 Martin's Rep. 571 2 Kent's Com. 153, note.

ACQUIESCENCE, contracts. The consent which is impliedly given by one or both parties, to a proposition, a clause, a condition, a judgment, or to any act whatever.

2. When a party is bound to elect between a paramount right and a testamentary disposition, his acquiescence in a state of things which indicates an election, when he was aware of his rights will be prima facie evidence of such election. Vide 2 Ves. Jr. 371; 12 Ves. 136 1 Ves. Jr. 335; 3 P. Wms. 315. 2 Rop. Leg. 439.

3. The acts of acquiescence which constitute an implied election, must be decided rather by the circumstances of each case than by any general principle. 1 Swanst. R. 382, note, and the numerous cases there cited.

4. Acquiescence in the acts of an agent, or one who has assumed that character, will, be equivalent to an express authority. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1309; Kent, Com. 478; Story on Eq. §255; 4 W. C. C. R. 559; 6 Miss. R. 193; 1 John. Cas. 110; 2 John. Cas. 424 Liv. on Ag. 45; Paley on, Ag. by Lloyd, 41 Pet. R. 69, 81; 12 John. R. 300; 3 Cowen's R. 281; 3 Pick. R. 495, 505; 4 Mason's R. 296. Acquiescence differs from assent. (q. v.)

ACQUIETANDIS PLEGIIS, obsolete. A writ of justices, lying, for the surety against a creditor, who refuses to acquit him after the debt has been satisfied. Reg. of Writs, 158; Cowell; Blount.

TO ACQUIRE, descents, contracts. To make property one's own.

2. Title to property is acquired in two ways, by descent, (q. v.) and by purchase, (q. v.) Acquisition by purchase, is either by, 1. Escheat. 2. Occupancy. 3. Prescription. 4. Forfeiture. 5. Alienation, which is either by deed or by matter of record. Things which cannot be sold, cannot be acquired.

ACQUISITION, property, contracts, descent. The act by which the person procures the property of a thing.

2. An acquisition, may be temporary or Perpetual, and be procured either for a valuable consideration, for example, by buying the same; or without consideration, as by gift or descent.

3. Acquisition may be divided into original and derivative. Original acquisition is procured by occupancy, 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 490; 2 Kent. Com. 289; Menstr. Leg. du Dr. Civ. Rom. §344 ; by accession, 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 499; 2 Kent., Com. 293; by intellectual labor, namely, for inventions, which are secured by patent rights and for the authorship of books, maps, and charts, which is protected by copyrights. 1. Bouv. Inst. n. 508.

4. Derivative acquisitions are those which are procured. from others, either by act of law, or by act of the parties. Goods and chattels may change owners by act of law in the cases of forfeiture, succession, marriage, judgment, insolvency, and intestacy. And by act of the parties, by gift or sale. Property may be acquired by a man himself, or by those who are in his power, for him; as by his children while minors; 1 N. Hamps. R. 28; 1 United States Law Journ. 513 ; by his apprentices or his slaves. Vide Ruth. Inst. ch. 6 & 7; Dig. 41, 1, 53; Inst. 2,9; Ib. 2,9,3.

ACQUITTAL, contracts. A release or discharge from an obligation or eng agement. According to Lord Coke there are three kinds of acquittal, namely; 1, By deed, when the party releases the obligation; 2, By prescription; 3, By tenure.Co. Lit. 100, a.

ACQUITTAL, crim. law practice. The absolution of a party charged with a crime or misdemeanor.

2. Technically speaking, acquittal is - the absolution of a party accused on a trial before a traverse jury. 1 N. & M. 36; 3 M'Cord, 461.

3. Acquittals are of two kinds, in fact and in law. The former takes place when the jury upon trial finds a verdict of not guilty; the latter when a man is charged merely as an accessary, and the principal has been acquitted. 2 Inst. 384. An acquittal is a bar to any future prosecution for the offence alleged in the first indictment.

ACQUITTANCE, contracts. An agreement in writing to discharge a party from an engagement to pay a sum of money. it is evidence of payment. It differs from a release in this, that the latter must be under seal, while an acquittance need not be under seal. Poth. Oblig. n. 781. In Pennsylvania, a receipt, (q. v.) though not under seal, has nearly the same effect as a release. 1 Rawle, R. 391. Vide 3 Salk. 298, pl. 2; Off. of Ex. 217 ; Co. Litt. 212 a, 273 a.

ACRE, measures. A quantity of land containing in length forty perches, and four in breadth, or one hundred and sixty square perches, of whatever shape may be the land. Serg. Land Laws of Penn., 185. See Cro. Eliz. 476, 665; 6 Co. 67; Poph. 55; Co. Litt. 5, b, and note 22.

ACREDULITARE, obsolete. To purge one's self of an offence by oath. It frequently happens that when a person has been arrested for a contempt, he comes into court and purges himself, on oath, of having intended any contempt. Blount, Leges. Inac. c. 36.

ACT, civil law, contracts. A writing which states in a legal form that a thing has been said, done, or agreed. In Latin, Instrumentum. Merl. Rep.

ACT. In the legal sense, this word may be used to signify the result of a public deliberation, the decision of a prince, of a legislative body, of a council, court of justice, or a magistrate. Also, a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve, award, determination. Also, an instrument in writing to verify facts, as act of assembly, act of congress, act of parliament, act and deed. See Webster's Dict. Acts are civil or criminal, lawful or unlawful, public or private.

2. Public acts, usually denominated authentic, are those which have a public authority, and which have been made before public officers, are authorized by a public seal, have been made public by the authority of a magistrate, or which have been extracted and been properly authenticated from public records.

3. Acts under private signature are those which have been made by private individuals, under their hands. An act of this kind does not acquire the force of an authentic act, by being registered in the office of a notary. 5 N. S. 693; 8 N. S. 568 ; 3 L. R. 419 ; 8 N. S. 396 ; 11 M. R. 243; unless it hasheen properly acknowledged before the officer, by the parties to it. 5 N. S. 196.

4. Private acts are those made by private persons, as registers in relation to their receipts and expenditures, schedules, acquittances, and the like. Nov. 73, c. 2 ; Code, lib. 7, tit. 32, 1. 6; lib. 4, t. 21; Dig. lib. 22, tit.. 4; Civ. Code of Louis. art. 2231 to 2254; Toull. Dr. Civ. Francais, tom. 8, p. 94.

ACT, evidence. The act of one of several conspirators, performed in pursuance of the common design, is evidence against all of them. An overt act of treason must be proved by two witnesses. See Overt.

2. The terra. acts, includes written correspondence, and other papers relative to the design of the parties, but whether it includes unpublished writings upon abstract questions, though of a kindred nature, has been doubted, Foster's Rep. 198 ; 2 Stark. R. 116, 141.

3. In cases of partnership it is a rule that the act or declaration of either partner, in furtherance of the common object of the association, is the act of all. 1 Pet. R. 371 5 B. & Ald. 267.

4. And the acts. of an agent, in pursuance of his authority, will be binding on his principal. Greenl. Ev. § 113. ACT, legislation. A statute or law made by a legislative body; as an act of congress is a law by the congress of the United States; an act of assembly is a law made by a legislative assembly. If an act of assembly expire or be repealed while a proceeding under it is in fieri or pending, the proceeding becomes abortive; as a prosecution for an offence, 7 Wheat. 552; or a proceeding under insolvent laws. 1 Bl. R. 451; Burr. 1456 ; 6 Cranch, 208 ; 9 Serg. & Rawle, 283.

2. Acts are general or special; public or private. A general or public act is a universal rule which binds the whole community; of which the courts are bound to take notice ex officio.

3. Explanatory acts should not be enlarged by equity Blood's case, Comb. 410; although such acts may be allowed to have a retrospective operation. Dupin, Notions de Droit, 145. 9.

4. Private or special acts are rather exceptions, than rules; being those which operate only upon particular persons and private concerns; of these the courts are not bound to take notice, unless they are pleaded. Com. 85, 6; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 105.

ACT IN PAIS. An act performed out of court, and not a matter of record. Pais, in law French, signifies country. A deed or an assurance transacted between two or more private persons in the country is matter in pais. 2 Bl. Com. 294.

ACT OF BANKRUPTCY. An act which subjects a person to be proceeded against as a bankrupt. The acts of bankruptcy enumerated in the late act of congress, of 19th Aug. 1841, s. 1, are the following: 1. Departure from the state, district, or territory of which a person, subject to the operation of the bankrupt laws, is an inhabitant, with intent to defraud his creditors. See, as to what will be considered a departure, 1 Campb. R. 279; Dea. & Chit. 4511 Rose, R. 387 9 Moore, R. 217 2 V. & B. 177; 5 T. R. 512; 1 C. & P. 77; 2 Bini,. R. 99; 2 Taunt. 176; Holt, R. 175.

2. Concealment to avoid being arrested. 1 M. & S. 676 ; 2 Rose, R. 137; 15 Ves. 4476 Taunt. R. 540; 14 Ves. 86 Taunt. 176;1 Rose, R. 362; 5 T. R. 512; 1 Esp. 334.

3. Willingly or fraudulently procuring himself to be arrested, or his goods and chattels, lands, or tenements to be attached, distrained, sequestered, or taken in execution.

4. Removal of his goods, chattels and effects, or concealment of them to prevent their being levied upon, or taken in execution, or by other process.

5. Making any fraudulent conveyance, assignment, sale, gift, or other transfer of his lands, tenements, goods, or chattels, credits, or evidences of debt. 15 Wend. R. 588; 5 Cowen, R. 67; 1 Burr. 467, 471, 481; 4 C. & P. 315; 18 Wend. R. 375; 19 Wend. R. 414; 1 Dougl. 295; 7 East, 137 16 Ves. 149; 17-Ves. 193; 1 Smith R. 33; Rose, R. 213.

ACT OF GOD, in contracts. This phrase denotes those accidents which arise from physical causes, and which cannot be prevented.

2. Where the law casts a duty on a party, the performance shall be excused, if it be rendered impossible by the act of God; but where the party, byhis own contract, engages to do an act, it is deemed to be his own fault and folly that he did not thereby provide against contingencies, and exempt himself from responsibilities in certain events and in such case, (that is, in the instance of an absolute general contract the performance is not excused by an inevitable accident, or other contingency, although not foreseen by, nor within the control of the party. Chitty on Contr. 272, 8; Aleyn, 27, cited by Lawrence; J. in 8 T. R. 267; Com. Dig. Action upon the Case upon Assumpsit, G; 6 T. R. 650 ; 8 T. R. 259; 3 M. & S. 267 ; 7 Mass. 325; 13 Mass. 94; Co. Litt. 206; Com. Dig. Condition, D 1, L 13; 2 Bl. Com. 340; 1 T. R. 33; Jones on Bailm 104, 5 ; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 1024.

3. Special bail are discharged when the defendant dies, Tidd, 243 ; actus Dei nemini facit injuriam being a maxim of law, applicable in such case; but if the defendant die after the return of the case and before it is filed, the bail are fixed. 6 T. R. 284; 6 Binn. 332, 338. It is, however, no ground for an exoneratur, that the defendant has become deranged since the suit was brought, and is confined in a hospital. 2 Wash. C. C. R. 464, 6 T. It. 133 Bos. & Pull. 362 Tidd, 184. Vide 8 Mass. Rep. 264; 3 Yeates, 37; 2 Dall. 317; 16 Mass. Rep. 218; Stra. 128; 1 Leigh's N, P. 508; 11 Pick. R. 41; 2 Verm. R. 92; 2 Watt's Rep. 443. See generally, Fortuitous Event; Perils of the Sea.

ACT OF GRACE, Scotch law. The name by which the statute which provides for the aliment of prisoners confined for civil debts, is usually known.

2. This statute provides that where a prisoner for debt declares upon oath, before the magis trate of the jurisdiction, that he has not wherewith to maintain himself, the magistrate may set him it liberty, if the creditor, in consequence of whose diligence he was imprisoned, does not aliment him within ten days after intimation for that purpose. 1695, c. 32; Ersk. Pr. L. Scot. 4, 3, 14. This is somewhat similar to a provision in the insolvent act of Pennsylvania.

ACT 0F LAW. An event which occurs in consequence of some principle of law. If, for example, land out of which a rent charge has been granted, be recovered by an elder title, and thereby the rent charge becomes avoided; yet the grantee, shall have a writ of annuity, because the rent charge is made void by due course or act of law, it, being a actus legis nemini est damnosus. 2 Inst. 287.

ACT OF MAN. Every man of sound mind and discretion is bound by his own acts, and the law does not permit him to do any thing against it; and all acts are construed most strongly against him who does them. Plowd. 140.

2. A man is not only bound by his own acts, but by those of others who act or are presumed to act by his authority, and is responsible civilly in all such cases; and, in some cases, even when there is but a presumption of authority, he may be made responsible criminally; for example, a bookseller may be indicted for publishing a libel which has been sold in his store, by his regular salesmen, although he may possibly have had no knowledge of it.

ACTIO BONAE FIDEI, civil law. An action of good faith.

ACTIO COMMODATI CONTRARIA. The name of an action in the civil law, by the borrower against the lender, to compel the execution of the contract. Poth. Pret Usage, n. 75.

ACTIO COMMODATI DIRECTA. In the civil law, is the name of an action, by a lender against a borrower, the principal object of which is to obtain restitution of the thing lent. Poth. Pret. 5, Usage, n. 65, 68.

ACTIO CONDICTIO INDEBITI. The name of an action in the civil law, by which the plaintiff recovers the amount of a sum of money or other thing be paid by mistake. Poth. Promutuum, n. 140. See Assumpsit.

ACTIO EXCONDUCTIO, civil law. The name of an action which the bailor of a thing for hire may bring against the bailee, in order to compel him to re-deliver the thing hired. Poth. du Contr. de Louage, n. 59.

ACTIO DEPOSITI CONTRARIA. The name, of an action in the civil law which the depositary has against the depositor to compel him to fulfil his engagement towards him. Poth. Du Depot, la. 69.

ACTIO DEPOSITI DIRECTA. the civil law, this is the name of an action which is brought by the depositor against the depositary, in order to get back the, thing deposited. Poth. Du Depot, n. 60.

ACTIO JUDICATI, civil law. Was an action instituted, after four months had elapsed after the rendition of judgment, in which the judge issued his warrant to seize, first, the movables, which were sold within eight days afterwards; and then the immovables, which were delivered in pledge to the creditors, or put under the care of a curator, and, if at the end of two mouths, the debt was not paid, the land was sold. Dig. 42, t. 1. - Code, 8, 34.

ACTIO NON, pleading. After stating the appearance and defence, special pleas begin with this allegation, "that the said plaintiff ought not to have or maintain his aforesaid action thereof against him," actio non habere debet. This is technically termed the actio non. 1 Ch. Plead. 531 2 Ch. Plead. 421 ; Steph. Plead. 394.

ACTIO NON ACCREVIT INFRA SEX ANNOS. The name of a plea to the statute of limitations when the defendant insists that the plaintiff's action has not accrued within six years. It differs from non assumpsit in this: non assumpsit is the proper plea to an action on a simple contract, when the action accrues on the promise but when it does not accrue on the promise but subsequently to it, the proper plea is actio non accrevit, &c. Lawes, Pl. in Ass. 733; 5 Binn. 200, 203; 2 Salk. 422; 1 Saund. Rep. 83 n. 2; 2 Saund, 63, b; 1 Sell. N.P. 121.

ACTIO PERSONALIS MIORITUR CUM PERSONA. That a personal action dies with the person, is an ancient and uncontested maxim. But the term personal action, requires explanation. In a large sense all actions except those for the recovery of real property may be called personal. This definition would include contracts for the payment of money, which never were supposed to die with the person. See 1 Saund. Rep. 217, note 1.

2. The maxim must therefore be taken in a more restricted meaning. It extends to all wrongs attended with actual force, whether the affect the person or property and to all injuries to the person only, though without actual force. Thus stood originally the common law, in which an alteration was made by the statute 4 Ed. III. c. 7, which gave an action to an executor for an injury done to the personal property of his testator in his lifetime, which was extended to the executor of an executor, by statute of 25 Ed. III. c. 5. And by statute 31 Ed. III. c. 11, administrators have the same remedy as executors.

3. These statutes received a liberal construction from the judges, but they do not extend to injuries to the person of the deceased, nor to his freehold. So that no action lies by an executor or administrator for an assault and battery of the deceased, or trespass, vi et armis on his land, or for slander, because it is merely a personal injury. Neither do they extend to actions against executors or administrators for wrongs committed by the deceased. 13 S. 184; Cowp. 376; 1 Saund. 216, 217, n. 1; Com. Dig 241, B 13; 1 Salk. 252; 6 S. & R. 272; W. Jones, 215.

4. Assumpsit may be maintained by executors or administrators, in those cases where an injury has been done to the personal, property of the deceased, and he might in his lifetime have waived the tort and sued in assumpsit. 1 Bay's R. 61; Cowp. 374; 3 Mass. 321; 4 Mass. 480; 13 Mass. 272; 1 Root, 2165. An action for a breach of a promise of marriage cannot be maintained by an executor, 2 M. & S. 408; nor against 13 S. & R. 183; 1 Picker. 71; unless, perhaps, where the plaintiff's testator sustained special damages. 13 S. & R. 185. See further 12.S. & R. 76; 1 Day's Cas. 180; Bac. Abr. Ejectment, H11 Vin. Abr. 123; 1 Salk. 314; 2 Ld. Raym. 971 1 Salk. 12 Id. 295; Cro. Eliz. 377, 8 1 Str. 60 Went. Ex. 65; 1 Vent. 176 id. so; 7 Serg. & R. 183; 7 East, 134-6 1 Saund. 216, a, n. 1; 6 Mass. 394; 2 Johns. 227; 1 Bos. & Pull. 330, n. a.; 1 Chit. Pi. 86; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2750; this Dictionary, tit. actions; Death; Parties to actions; Survivor.

ACTIO PRO SOCIO. In the civil law, is the name of an action by which either partner could compel his co-partners to perform their social contract. Poth. Contr. de Societe, n. 134.

ACTION. Conduct, behaviour, something done. Nomen actionis latissime patere vulgo notum est ac comprehenders omnem omnino viventis operationem quae passioni opponitur. Vinnius, Com. lib. 4, tit. 6. De actionibus.

2. Human actions have been divided into necessary actions, or those over which man has no control; and into free actions, or such as he can control at his pleasure. As man is responsible only when he exerts his will, it is clear lie can be punished only for the Iatter.

3. Actions are also divided into positives and negative the former is called an act of commision the latter is the omission of something which ought to be done, and is called an act of omission. A man may be responsible as well for acts of omission, as for acts of commission.

4. Actions are voluntary and involuntary. The former are performed freely and without constraint - the latter are performed not by choice, against one's will or in a manner independent of the will. In general a man is not responsible for his involuntary actions. Yet it has been ruled that if a lunatic hurt a man, he shall be answerable in trespass, although, if he kill a man, it is not felony. See Hob. Rep. 134; Popham, 162; Pam. N. P. 68. See also Duress; Will.

ACTION, French com. law. Stock in a coompany, shares in a corporation.

ACTION, in practice. Actio nihil aliud est, quam jus persequendi in judicio quod sibi debetur. Just. Inst. Lib. 4, tit. 6; Vinnius, Com. Actions are divided into criminal and civil. Bac. Abr. Actions, A. 2. - §1. A criminal action is a prosecution in a court of justice in the name of the government, against one or more individuals accused of a crime. See 1 Chitly's Cr. Law.

1. - §2. A civil action is a legal demand of one's right, or it is the form given by law for the recovery of that which is due. Co. Litt. 285; 3 Bl. Com. 116; 9 Bouv. Inst. n. 2639; Domat. Supp. des Lois Civiles, liv. 4, tit. 1, No. 1; Poth. Introd. generale aux Coutumes, 109; 1 Sell. Pr. Introd. s. 4, p. 73. Ersk. Princ. of Scot. Law, B. 41 t. 1. §1. Till judgment the writ is properly called an action, but not after, and therefore, a release of all actions is regularly no bar of all execution. Co. Litt. 289 a; Roll. Ab. 291. They are real, personal and mixed. An action is real or personal, according as realty or personalty is recovered; not according to the nature of the defence. Willes' Rep. 134.

4. - 1. Real actions are those brought for the specific recovery of lands, tenements, or hereditaments. Steph. PI. 3. They are either droitural, when the demandant seeks to recover the property; or possessory when he endeavors to obtain the possession. Finch's Law, 257, 8. See Bac. Abr. Actions, A, contra. Real Actions are, 1st. Writs of right; 2dly, Writs of entry, which lie in the per, the per et cui, or the post, upon disseisin, intrusion. or alienation. 3dly. Writs ancestral possessory, as Mort d' ancester, aid, besaiel, cosinage, or Nuper obiit. Com. Dig. Actions, D 2. By these actions formerly all disputes concerning real estate, were decided; but now they are pretty generally laid aside in practice, upon account of the great nicety required in their management, and the inconvenient length of their process; a much more expeditious, method of trying titles being since introduced by other actions, personal and mixed. 3 Bl. Com. 118. See Booth on Real Actions.

5. - 2. Personal actions are those brought for the specific recovery of goods and chattels; or for damages or other redress for breach of contract, or other injuries, of whatever description; the specific recovery of lands, tenements, and hereditaments only excepted. Steph. PI. 3; Com. Dig. Actions, D 3; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2641. Personal actions arise either upon contracts, or for wrongs independently of contracts. The former are account, assumpsit, covenant, debt, and detinue; see these words. In Connecticut and Vermont there is, an action used which is peculiar to those states, called the action of book debt. 2 Swift's Syst. Ch. 15. The actions for wrongs, injuries, or torts, are trespass on the case, replevin, trespass, trover. See these words, and see Actio personalis moritur cum persona.

6. - 3. Mixed actions are such as appertain, in some degree, to both the former classes, and, therefore, are properly reducible to neither of them, being brought for the specific recovery of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, and for damages for injury sustained in respect of such property. Steph. Pl. 3; Co. Litt. 284, b; Com. Dig. Actions, D 4. Every mixed action, properly so called, is also a real action. The action of ejectment is a personal action, and formerly, a count for an assault and battery might be joined with a count for the recovery of a term of Years in land.

7. Actions are also divided into those which are local and such as are transitory.

1. A local action is one in which the venue must still be laid in the county, in which the cause of action actually arose. The locality of actions is founded in some cases, on common law principles, in others on the statute law.

8. Of those which continue local, by the common law, are, lst, all actions in which the subject or thing to be recovered is in its nature local. Of this class are real actions, actions of waste, when brought on the statute of Gloucester, (6 Edw. I.) to recover with the damages, the locus in quo or place wasted; and actions of ejectment. Bac. Abr. Actions Local, &c. A, a; Com. Dig. Actions, N 1; 7 Co. 2 b; 2 Bl. Rep. 1070. All these are local, because they are brought to recover the seisin or possession of lands or tenements, which are local subjects.

9. - 2dly. Various actions which do not seek the direct recovery of lands or tenements, are also local, by the common law; because they arise out of some local subject, or the violation of some local right or interest. For example, the action of quare impedit is local, inasmuch as the benefice, in the right of presentationto which the plaintiff complains of being obstructed, is so. 7 Co. 3 a; 1 Chit. PI. 271; Com. Dig. Actions, N 4. Within this class of cases are also many actions in which only pecuniary damages are recoverable. Such are the common law action of waste, and trespass quare clausum fregit; as likewise trespass on the case for injuries affecting things real, as for nuisances to houses or lands; disturbance of rights of way or of common; obstruction or diversion of ancient water courses, &c. 1 Chit. Pl. 271; Gould on Pl. ch. 3, §105, 106, 107. The action of replevin, also, though it lies for damages only, and does not arise out of the violation of any local right, is nevertheless local. 1 Saund. 347, n. 1. The reason of its locality appears to be the necessity of giving a local description of the taking complained of. Gould on PI. ch. 3, §111. A scire facias upon a record, (which is an action, 2 Term Rep. 46,) although to some intents, a continuation of the original suit, 1 Term Rep. 388, is also local.

10. - 2. Personal actions which seek nothing more than the recovery of money or personal chattels of any kind, are in most cases transitory, whether they sound in tort or in contract; Com. Dig. Actions, N 12; 1 Chit. PI. 273; because actions of this class are, in most instances, founded on the violation of rights which, in contemplation of law, have no locality. 1 Saund. 241, b, note 6. And it will be found true, as a general position, that actions ex delicto, in which a mere personalty is recoverable, are, by the common law, transitory; except when founded upon, or arising out of some local subject. Gould on Pl. ch. 3, §112. The venue in a transitory action may be laid in any county which the plaintiff may prefer. Bac. Abr. Actions Local, &c. A. (a.)

11. In the civil law actions are divided into real, personal, and mixed. A real action, according to the civil law, is that which he who is the owner of a thing, or, has a right in it, has against him who is in possession of it, to compel him to give up the plaintiff, or to permit him to enjoy the right he has in it. It is a right which a person has in a thing, follows the thing, and may be instituted against him who possesses it; and this whether the thing be movable or immovable and, in the sense of the common law, whether the thing be real or personal. See Domat, Supp. des Lois Civiles, Liv. 4, tit. 1, n. 5; Pothier, Introd. Generales aux Coutumes 110; Ersk. Pr. Scot. Law, B. 4, t. 1, §2.

12. A personal action is that which a creditor has against his debtor, to compel him to fulfil his engagement. Pothier, lb. Personal actions are divided into civil actions and criminal actions. The former are those which are instituted to compel the payment or to do some other thing purely civil the latter are those by which the plaintiff asks the reparation of a tort or injury which he or those who belong to him have sustained. Sometimes these two kinds of actions are united when they assume the name of mixed personal actions. Domat, Supp. des Lois Civiles, Liv. 4, tit. 1, n. 4; 1 Brown's Civ. Law, 440.

13. Mixed actions participate both of personal and real actions. Such are the actions of partition, and to compel the parties to put down landmarks or boundaries. Domat, ubi supra.

ACTION AD EXHIBENDUM, civil law. This was an action instituted for the purpose of compelling the defendant to exhibit a thing or title, in his power. It was preparatory to another action, which was always a real action in the sense of the Roman law, that is, for the recovery of a thing, whether it was movable or immovable. Merl. Quest. de Dr. tome i. 84. This is not unlike a bill of discovery. (q. v.)

ACTION OF ADHERENCE, Scotch law. An action competent to a hushand or Wife to compel either party to adhere in case of desertion.

ACTION OF BOOK DEBT. The name of an action in Connecticutand Vermont, resorted to for the purpose of recovering payment for articles usually charged on book. 1 Day, 105; 4 Day, 105; 2 Verm, 66. See 1 Root, 59; 1 Conn. 75; Kirby, 89; 2 Robt, 130; 11 Conn. 205.

ACTION. REDHIBITORY, civil law. An action instituted to avoid a sale on account of some Vice or defect in the thing sold which readers it either absolutely useless, or its use so inconvenient and, imperfect, that it must be, supposed the buyer would not have purchased it, had he known of the vice. Civ. Code of Louis. art. 2496.

ACTION OF A WRIT. This phrase is used when one pleads some matter by which he shows that the plaintiff had no cause to have the writ which he brought, and yet he may have a writ or action for the same matter. Such a plea is called: a plea to the action of the writ, whereas if it should appear by the plea that the plaintiff has no cause to have action for the thing demanded, then it is called a plea to the action. Termes de la ley.

ACTIONS ORDINARY. Scotch law. By this term is understood all actions not recissory. Ersk. Pr. L. Scot. 4, 1, 5.

ACTIONS RESCISSORY, Scotch law. Are divided into, 1, Actions of proper improbation; 2, Actions of reduction-improbation; 3, Actions of simple reduction. Ersk. Pr. L. Scot. 4 1, 5,

2. - 1. Proper improbation is an action brought for declaring writing false or forged.

3. - 2. Reduction-improbation is an action whereby a person who may be hurt, or affected by a writing, insists for producing or exhibiting it in court, in order to have it set aside or its effects ascertained, under the certification, that the writing if not produced, shall be declared false and forged.

4. - 3. In an action of simple reduction, the certification is only temporary, declaring the writings called for, null, until they be produced; so that they recover their full force after their production. Ib. 4, 1, 8.

ACTIONARY. A commercial term used among foreigners, to signify stockholders.

ACTIONES NOMINATAE. Formerly the English courts of chancery would make no writs when there was no precedent, and the cases for which there were precedents were called actiones nominatoe. The statute of Westm. 2, c. 24, gave chancery authority to form new writs in consimili casu. Hence arose the action on the case. Bac. Ab. Court of Chancery, A; 17, Serg. R. 195.

ACTIVE. The opposite, of passive. We say active debts, or debts due to us; passive debts are those we owe.

ACTON BURNELL. Statute of Vide de Mercatoribus. Cruise, Dig. tit. 14, s. 6.

ACTOR, practice. 1. A plaintiff or complainant. 2. He on whom the burden of proof lies. In actions of replevin both parties are said to be actors. The proctor or advocate in the courts of the civil law, was called actor.

ACTS OF COURT. In courts of admiralty, by this phrase is understood legal memoranda of the nature of pleas. For example, the English court of admiralty disregards all tenders, except those formally made by acts of court. Abbott on Ship. pi. 3, c. 10, §2, p. 403; 4 Rob. R. 103; 1 Hagg. R. 157; Dunl. Adm. Pr. 104, 6.

ACTS OF SEDERUNT. In the laws of Scotland, are ordinances for regulating the forms of proceeding, before the court of session, in the administration of justice, made by the judges, who have a delegated power from the legislature for that purpose. Ersk. Pr. L. Scot. B. 1, t. 1, s. 14.

ACTUAL. Real; actual.

2. Actual notice. One which has been expressly given by which knowledge of a fact hos been brought home to a party directly ; it is opposed to constructive notice.

3. Actual admissions. Those which are expressly made; they are plenary or partial. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 4405.

4. An actual escape takes place when a prisoner in fact gets out of prison, and unlawfull regains his liberty. Vide Escape.

ACTUARIUS. An ancient name or appellation of a notary.

ACTUARY. A clerk in some corporations vested with various powers. In the ecclesiastical law he is a clerk who registers the acts and constitutions of the convocation.

ACTUS. A foot way and horse way. Vide Way.

AD DAMNUM, pleading. To the damage. In all personal and mixed actions, with the exception of actions of debt qui tam, where the plaintiff has sustained no damages, the declaration concludes ad damnum. Archb. Civ. Pl. 169.

AD DIEM. At the day, as a plea of payment ad diem, on the day when the money became due. See Solvit ad diem, and Com. Dig. Pleader, 2 W. 29.

AD INQUIRENDUM, practice. A judicial writ, commanding inquiry to be made of any thing relating to a cause depending in court.

AD INTERIM. In the mean time. An officer is sometimes appointed ad interim, when the principal officer is absent, or for some cause incapable of acting for the time. AD LARGUM. At large; as, title at large, assize at large. See Dane's Abr. ch. 144,

AD QUEM. A Latin expression which signifies to which, in the computation of time or distance, as the day ad quem. The last day of the term, is always computed. See A quo.

QUOD DAMNUM, Eng. law. The name of a writ issuing out of and returnable into chancery, directed to the sheriff, commanding him to inquire by a jury 'What damage it will be to the king, or any other, to grant a liberty, fair, market, highway, or the like.

AD SECTAM. At the suit of, commonly abbreviated ads. It isusual in filing pleas, and other papers, for a defendant, instead of putting the name of the plaintiff first, as Peter v. Paul to put his own first, and instead of v. to put ads., as Paul ads. Peter.

AD TERMINUM QUI PRETERIIT. The name of a writ of entry which lay for the lessor or his heirs, when a lease had been made of lands or tenements, for term of life or years, and, after the term had expired, the lands were withheld from the lessor by the tenant, or other person possessing the same. F. N. B. 201. The remedy now applied for holdiug over (q, v.) is by ejectment, or under local regulations, by summary prooceedings.

AD TUNC ET IBIDEM. That part of an indictment, where it is stated that the object-matter of the crime or offence " then and there being found," is technically so called. N. C. Term R. 93; Bac. Ab. Indictment, G 4.

AD VITAM AUT CULPAM. An office to be so held as to determine only by the death or delinquency of the possessor; in other words it is held quam diu se benegesserit.

AD VALOREM. According to the value. This Latin term is used in commerce in reference to certain duties, called ad valorem duties, which are levied on commodities at certain rates per centum on their value. See Duties; Imposts; Act of Cong. of March 2, 1799, s. 61 of March 1, 1823 s. 5.

ADDITION. Whatever is added to a man's name by way of title, as additions of estate, mystery, or place. 10 Went. Plead. 871; Salk. 6; 2 Lord Ray. 988; :1 WUS. 244, 5.

2. Additions of an estate or quality are esquire, gentleman, and the like; these titles can however be claimed by none, and may be assumed by any one. In Nash v. Battershy (2 Lord Ray. 986 6 Mod. 80,) the plaintiff declared with the addition of gentleman. The defendant pleaded in abatement that the plaintiff was no gentleman. The plaintiff de-murred, and it was held ill; for, said the court, it amounts to a confession that the plaintiff is no gentleman, and then not the person named in the count. He should have replied that he is a gentle- man.

3. Additions of mystery are such as scrivener, painter, printer, manufacturer, &c.

4. Additions of places are descriptions by the place of residence, as A. B. of Philadelpliia and thelike. See Bac. Ab. b. t.; Doct. PI. 71; 2 Vin. Abr. 77; 1 Lilly's Reg. 39; 1 Metc. R. 151.

5. At common law there was no need of addition in any case, 2 Lord Ray. 988; it was, required only by Stat. 1 H. 5. c. 5, in cases where process of outlawry lies. In all other cases it is only a description of the person, and common reputation is sufficient. 2 Lord Ray. 849. No addition is necessary in a Homine Replegiando. 2 Lord Ray. 987; Salk. 5; 1 Wils. 244, 6; 6 Rep. 67.

ADDITIONALES, in contracts. Additional terms or propositions to be added to a former agreement.

ADDRESS, chan. plead. That part of a bill which contains the appropriate and technical description of the court where the plaintiff seeks his remedy. Coop. Eq. PI. 8; Bart. Suit in Eq. 20Story, Eq. PI. §26 Van Hey. Eq. Draft. 2.

ADDRESS, legislation. In Pennsylvania it is a resolution of both, branches of the legislature, two-thirds of each house concurring, requesting the governor to remove a judge from office. The constitution of that state, art. 5, s. 2, directs that " for any reasonable cause, which shall not be, ground for impeachment, the governor may remove any of them [the judges], on the address of two-third's of each branch of the legislature." The mode of removal by address is unknown to the constitution of the, United States, but it is recognized in several of the states. In some of the state constitutions the language is imperative; the governor when thus add ressed shall remove; in others it is left to his discretion, he may remove. The relative proportion of each house that must join in the address, varies also in different states. In some a bare majority is sufficient; in others, two-thirds are requisite; and in others three-fourths. 1 Journ. of Law, 154.

ADEMPTION, wills. A taking away or revocation of a legacy, by the testator.

2. It is either express or implied. It is the former when revoked in express terms by a codicil or later will; it is implied when by the acts of the testator it is manifestly his intention to revoke it; for example, when a specific legacy of, a chattel is made, and afterwards the testator sells it; or if a father makes provision for a child by his will and afterwards gives to such child, if a daughter, a portion in marriage; or, if a son, a sum of money to establish him in life, provided such portion or sum of money be equal to or greater than the legacy. 2 Fonbl. 368 et, seq. Toll. Ex. 320; 1 Vern. R. by Raithby, 85 n. and the cases there cited. 1 Roper, Leg. 237, 256, for, the distinction between specific and general legacies.

ADHERING. Cleaving to, or joining; as, adhering to the enemies of the United States.

2. The constitution of the United States, art. 3, s 3, defines treason against the United States, to consist only in levying war against them or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.

3. The fact that a citizen is cruising in an enemy's ship, with a design to capture or destroy American ships, would be an adhering to the enemies of the United States. 4 State Tr. 328 ; Salk. 634; 2 Gilb. Ev. by Lofft, 798.

4. If war be actually levied, that is, a body of men be actually assembled for the purpose of effecting by force a treasonable enterprise, all those who perform any part, however minute, or however remote from the scene of action, and who are leagued in the general conspiracy are to be considered as traitors. 4 Cranch. 126.

ADJOURNMENT. The dismissal by some court, legislative assembly, or properly authorized officer, of the business before them, either finally, which is called an adjournment sine die, without day; or, to meet again at another time appointed, which is called a temporary adjournment. 2. The constitution of the United States, art. 1, s. 5, 4, directs that "neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place, that that in which the two houses shall be sitting,." Vide Com. Dig. h. t.; Vin. Ab. h. t.; Dict. de Jur. h. t.

ADJOURNMENT-DAY. In English practice, is a day so called from its being a further day appointed by the judges at the regular sittings, to try causes at nisi prius.

ADJOURNMENT-DAY IN ERROR. In the English courts, is a day appointed some days before the end of the term, at which matters left undone on the affirmance day are finished. 2 Tidd, 1224.

ADJUDICATION, in practice. The giving or pronouncing a judgment in a

cause; a judgment.

ADJUDICATIONS, Scotch law. Certain proceedings against debtors, by way of actions, before the court of sessions and are of two kinds, special and general.

2. - 1. By statute 1672, c. 19, such part only of the debtor's lands is to be adjudged to the principal sum and interest of the debt, with the compositions due to the superior, and the expenses of infeoffment, and a fifth part more, in respect the creditor is obliged to take landsfor his money but without penalties or sheriff fees. The debtor must deliver to the creditor a valid right to the lands to be adjudged, or transumpts thereof, renounce the possession in his favor, and ratify the decree of adjudication: and the law considers the rent of the lands as precisely commensurate to the interest of the debt. In this, which is called a special adjudication, the time allowed the debtor to redeem the lands adjudged, (called the legal reversion or the legal,) is declared to be five years.

3. - 2. Where the debtor does not produce a sufficient right to the lands, or is not willing to renounce the possession and ratify the decree, the statute makes it lawful for the creditor to adjudge all right belonging to the debtor, in the same manner, and under the same reversion of ten years. In this kind, which is called a general adjudication, the creditor must limit his claim to the principal sum, interest and penalty, without demanding a fifth part more. See Act 1 Feb. 1684; Ersk. Pr. L. Scot,. (????) s. 15, 16. See Diligences.

ADJUNCTION. in civil law. Takes place when the thing belonging to one person is attached or united to that which belongs to another, whether this unionis caused by inclusion, as if one man's diamond be encased in another's ring; by soldering, as if one's guard be soldered on another's sword; by sewing, as by employing the silk of one to make the coat of another; by construction; as by building on another's land; by writing, as when one writes on another's parchment; or by painting, when one paints a picture on another's canvas.

2. In these cases, as a general rule, the accessory follows the principal; hence these things which are attached to the things of another become the property of the latter. The only exception which the civilians made was in the case of a picture, which although an accession, drew to itself the canvas, on account of the importance which was attached to it. Inst. lib. 2, t. 1, §34; Dig. lib. 41, t. 1, 1. 9, § 2. See Accession, and 2 Bl. Comm. 404; Bro. Ab. Propertie; Com. Dig. Pleader, M. 28; Bac. Abr. Trespass, E 2. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 499.

ADJUNCTS, English law. Additional judges appointed to determine causes in the High Court of Delegates, when the former judges cannot decide in consequence of disagreement, or because one of the law judges of the court was not one of the majority. Shelf. on Lun. 310.

ADJURATION. The act by which one person solemnly charges another to tell or swear to the truth. Wolff. Inst. §374.

ADJUSTMENT, maritime law. The adjustment of a loss is the settlling and ascertaining the amount of the indemnity which the insured after all proper allowances and deductions have been made, is entitled to receive, and the proportion of this, which each underwriter is liable to pay, under the policy Marsh. Ins. B. 1, c. 14, p. 617 or it is a written admission of the amounts of the loss as settled between the parties to a policy of insurance. 3 Stark. Ev. 1167, 8.

2. In adjusting a loss, the first thing to be considered is, how the quantity of damages for which the underwriters are liable, shall be ascertained. When a loss is a total loss, and the iusured decides to abandon, he must give notice of this to the underwriters iii a reasonable time, otherwise he will waive his right to abandon, and must be content to claim only for a partial loss. Marsh. Ins. B. 1, .c. 3, s. 2; 15 East, 559; 1 T. R. 608; 9 East, 283; 13 East 304; 6 Taunt. 383. When the loss is admitted to be total, and the policy is a valued one, the insured is entitled to receive the whole sum insured, subject to such deductions as may have been agreed by the policy to be made in case of loss.

3. The quantity of damages being known, the next point to be settled, is, by what rule this shall be estimated. The price of a thing does not afford a just criterion to ascertain its true value. It may have been bought very dear or very cheap. The circumstances of time and place cause a continual variation in the price of things. For this reason, in cases of general average, the things saved contribute not according to prune cost, but according to the price for which they may be sold at the time of settling the average. Marsh. Ins. B. 1, c. 14, s. 2, p. 621; Laws of Wishuy, art. 20 Laws of Oleron, art. 8 this Dict. tit. Price. And see 4 Dall. 430; 1 Caines' R. 80; 2 S. & R. 229 2 S.& R. 257, 258.

4. An adjustment being endorsed on the policy, and signed by the underwriters, with the promise to pay in a given time, is prima facie evidence against them, and amouuts to an admission of all the facts necessary to be proved by the insured to entitle him to recover in an action on the policy. It is like a note of hand, and being proved, the insured has no occasion to go into proof of any other circumstances. Marsh. Ins. B. 1, c. 14, s. 3, p. 632; 3 Stark. Ev. 1167, 8 Park. ch. 4; Wesk. Ins, 8; Beaw. Lex. Mer. 310; Com. Dig. Merchant, E 9; Abbott on Shipp. 346 to 348. See Damages.

ADJUTANT. A military officer, attached to every battalion of a regiment. It is his duty to superintend, under his superiors, all matters relating to the ordinary routine of discipline in the regiment.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL. A staff officer; one of those next in rank to the Com mander-in-chief.

ADJUNCTUM ACCESSORIUM, civil law. Something which is an accessory and appurtenant to another thing. 1 Chit. Pr. 154.

ADMEASUREMENT OF DOWER, remedies. This remedy is now nearly obsolete, even in England; the following account of it is given by Chief Baron Gilbert. "The writ of admeasurement of dower lieth where the heir when he is within age, and endoweth the wife of more than she ought to have dower of; or if the guardian in chivalry, [for the guardian in socage cannot assign dower,] endoweth the wife of more than one-third part of the land of which she ought to have dower, then the heir, at full age, may sue out this writ against the wife, and thereby shall be admeasured, and the surplusage she hath in dower shall be restored to the heir; but in such case there shall not be assigned anew any lands to hold to dower, but to take from her so much of the lands as surpasseth the third part whereof she ought to be endowed; and he need not set forth of whose assignments she holds." Gilb. on Uses, 379; and see F. N. B. 148; Bac. Ab. Dower, K; F. N. B. 148; Co. Litt. 39 a; 2 Inst. 367 Dower; Estate in Dower.

ADMEASUREMENT OF PASTURE, Eng. law. The name of a writ which lies where any tenants have common appendant in another ground and one overcharges the common with beasts. The other commoners, to obtain their just rights, may sue out this writ against him.

ADMINICLE 1. A term, in the Scotch and French law, for any writing or deed referred to by a party, in an action at law, for proving his allegations. 2. An ancient term for aid or support. 3. A term in the civil, law for imperfect proof. Tech. Dict. h. t.; Merl. Repert. mot Adminicule.

ADMINICULAR EVIDENCE, eccl. law. This term is used in the eclesiastical law to signify evidence, which is brought to explain or complete other evidence. 2 Lee, Ecel.R. 595.

TO ADMINISTER, ADMINISTERING. The stat. 9 G. IV. c. 31, S. 11, enacts "that if any person unlawfully and maliciously shall administer, or attempt to administer to any person, or shall cause to be taken by any person any poison or other destructive things," &c. every such offender, &c. In a case which arose under this statute, it was decided that to constitute the act of administering the poison, it was not absolutely necessary there should have been a delivery to the party poisoned, but that if she took it from a place where it had been put for her by the defendant, and any part of it went into her stomach, it was an administering. 4 Carr. & Payne, 369; S. C. 19 E. C. L. R. 423; 1 Moody's C. C. 114; Carr. Crim. L. 23. Vide Attempt to Persuade.

TO ADMINISTER, trusts. To do some act in relation to an estate, such as none but the owner, or some one authorized by him or by the law, in caseof his decease, could legally do. 1 Harr. Cond. Lo. R. 666.

ADMINISTRATION, trusts. The management of the estate of an intestate, a minor, a lunatic, an habitual drunkard, or other person who is incapable of managing his own affairs, entrusted to an administrator or other trustee by authority of law. In a more confinedsense, and in which it will be used in this article, administration is the management of an intestate's estate, or of the estate of a testator who, at the time administration was granted, had no executor.

2. Administration is granted by a public officer duly authorized to delegate the trust; he is sometimes called surrogate, judge of probate, register of wills and for granting letters of administration. It is to be granted to such persons as the statutory provisions of the several states direct. In general the right of administration belongs to him who" has the right to the vendue of the personalty: as if A make his will, and appoint B his executor, who dies intestate, and C is the legatee of the residue of A's estate, C has the right of administration cum testamento annexo. 2 Strange, 956; 12 Mod. 437, 306; 1 Jones, 225; 1 Croke. 201; 2 Leo. 55; 1 Vent. 217.

3. There are several kinds of administrations, besides the usual kind which gives to the administrator the management of all the personal estate of the deceased for an unlimited time. Administration durante minore oetate, administration durante absentia, administration pendente lite, administration de bonis non, administration cum testamento annexo.

ADMINISTRATION, government. The management of the affairs of the government; this word is also applied to the persons entrusted with the management of the publio affairs.

ADMIINISTRATOR, trusts. An administrator is a person lawfully appointed, with his assent, by an officer having jurisdiction, to manage and settle the estate of a deceased person who has left no executor, or one who is for. the time incompetent or unable to act.

2. It will be proper to consider, first, his rights; secondly, his duties.; thirdly, the number of administrators, and their joint and several powers; fourthly, the several kinds of administrators.

3. - 1. By the grant of the letters, of administration, the administrator is vested with full and ample power, unless restrained to some special administration, to take possession of all the personal estate of the deceased and to sell it; to collect the debts due to him; and to represent him in all matters which relate to his chattels real or personal. He is authorized to pay the debts of the, intestate in the order dire ted by law; and, in the United States, he is generally entitled to a just compensation, which is allowed him as commmisions on the amount whichpasses through his hands.

4. - 2. He is bound to use due diligence in the management of the estate; and he is generally on his appointment required to give security that he will do so; he is responsible for any waste which. may happen for his default. See Devastavit.

5. Administrators are authorized to bring and defend actions. They sue and are sued in their own names; as, A B, administrator of C D, v. E F; or E F v. A B, administrator of C D.

6. - 3. As to the number of administrators. There may be one or more. When there are several they must, in general, act together in bringing suits, and they must all be sued ; but, like executors, the acts of each, which relate to the delivery, gift, sale, payment, possession. or release of the intestate's goods, are considered as of equal validity as the acts of all, for they have a joint power and authority over the whole. Bac. Ab. Executor, C 4; 11 Vin. Ab. 358; Com. Dig. Administration, B 12; 1 Dane's Ab. 383; 2 Litt. R. 315. On the death of one of several joint administrators, the whole authority is vested in the survivors.

7. - 4. Administrators are general, or those who have right to administer the whole estate of the intestate; or special, that is, those who administer it in part, or for a Iimited time.

8 - 1. General administrators are of two kinds, namely: first, when the grant of administration is unlimited, and the administrator is required to administer the whole estate. under the intestate laws. secondly, when the grant is made with the annexation of the will, which is the guide to the administrator to administer and distribute the estate. This latter administration is granted when the deceased has made a will, and either he has not appointed an executor, or having appointed one he refuses to serve, or dies, or is incompetent to act; this last kind is called an administrator cum testamento annexo. 1 Will. on Wills, 309.

9. - 2. Special administrators are of two kinds; first, when the administration is limited to part of the estate, as for example, when the former administrator has died, leaving a part of the estate unadministered, an administrator is appointed to administer the remainder, and he is called an administrator de bonis non. He has all the powers of a common administrator. Bac. Ab. Executors, B 1; Sw. 396; Roll. Ab. 907; 6 Sm. & Marsh. 323. When an executor dies leaving a part of the estate unadministered, the administrator appointed to complete the execution of the win is called an administrator de bonis non, cum testamento annexo. Com. Dig. Administrator, B 1. Secondly, When the authority of the administrator is limited as to time. Administrators of this kind are, 1. An administrator durante minore oetate. This administrator is appointed to act as such during the minority of an infant executor, until the latter shall, attain his lawful age to act. Godolph. 102; 5 Co. 29. His powers extend to administer the estate so far as to collect the same, sell a sufficiency of the personal property to pay the debts, sell bona peritura, and perform such other acts as require immediate attention. He may sue and be sued. Bac. Ab. Executor, B 1 ; Roll. Ab. 110; Cro. Eliz. 718. The powers of such an administrator cease, as soon as the infant executor attains the age at which the law authorizes him to act for himself, which, at common law, is seventeen years, but by statutory provision in several states twenty-one years.

10. - 2. An administrator durante absentid, is one who is appointed to administer the estate during the absence of the executor, before he has proved the will. The powers of this administrator continue until the return of the executor, and. then his powers cease upon the probate of the will by the executor. 4 Hagg. 860. In England it has been holden, that the death of the executor abroad does not determine the authority of the administrator durante absentia. 3 Bos. & Pull. 26.

11. - 3. An administrator pendente lite. Administration pendente lite may be granted pending the controversy respecting an alleged will and it has been granted pending a contest as to, the right to administration. 2 P. Wms. 589; 2 Atk. 286; 2 Cas. temp. Lee, 258. The administrator pendente lite is merely an officer of the court, and holds the property only till the suit terminates. 1 Hagg. 313. He may maintain suits, 1 Ves. sen. 325; 2 Ves. & B. 97; 1 Ball & B. 192; though his power does not extend to the distribution of the assets. 1 Ball & B. 192.

ADMINISTRATRIX. This term is applied to a woman to whom letters of administration have been granted. See Administrator.

ADMIRAL, officer. In some countries is the commander in chief of the naval forces. This office does not exist in the United States.

ADMIRALTY. The name of a jurisdiction which takes cognizance of suits or actions which arise in consequence of acts done upon or relating to the sea; or, in other words, of all transactions and proceedings relative to commerce and navigation, and to damages or injuries upon the sea. 2 Gall. R. 468. In the great maritime nations of Europe, the term " admiralty jurisdiction," is, uniformly applied to courts exercising jurisdiction over maritime contracts and concerns. It is as familiarly known among the jurists of Scotland, France, Holland and Spain, as of England, and applied to their own courts, possessing substantially the same jurisdiction as the English Admiralty had in the reign of Edward III. Ibid., and the authorities there cited; and see, also, Bac. Ab. Court of Admiralty; Merl. Repert. h. t. Encyclopedie, h. t.; 1 Dall. 323.

2. The Constitution of the United States has delegated to the courts of the national government cognizance "of all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;" and the act of September 24, 1789, ch. 20 s. 9, has given the district court " cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction," including all seizures under laws of imposts, navigation or trade of the United States, where the seizures are made on waters navigable from the sea, by vessels of ten or more tons burden, within their respective districts, as well as upon the high seas.

3. It is not within the plan of this work to enlarge upon this subject. The reader is referred to the article Courts of the United States, where he will find all which has been thought necessary to say upon it as been the subject. Vide, generally, Dunlap's Adm. Practice; Bett's Adm. Practice; 1 Kent's Com. 353 to 380; Serg. Const. Law, Index, h. t.; 2 Gall. R. 398. to 476; 2 Chit. P. 508; Bac. Ab. Courts of Admiralty; 6 Vin. Ab. 505; Dane's Ab. Index b. t; 12 Bro. Civ. and Adm. Law; Wheat. Dig. 1; 1 Story L. U. S. 56, 60; 2 Id. 905, 3 Id. 1564, 1696; 4 Sharsw. cont. of Story's L. U. S. 2262; Clerke's Praxis; Collectanea Maritima; 1 U. S. Dig. tit. Admiralty Courts, XIII.

ADMISSION, in corporations or companies. The act of the corporation or company by which an individual acquires the rights of a member of such corporation or company.

2. In trading and joint stock corporations no vote of admission is requisite; for any person who owns stock therein, either by original subscription or by conveyance, is in general entitled to, and cannot be refused, the rights and privileges of a member. 3 Mass. R. 364; Doug. 524; 1 Man. & Ry. 529.

3. All that can be required of the person demanding a transfer on the books, is to prove to the corporation his right to the property. See 8 Pick. 90.

4. In a Mutual Insurance Company, it has been held, that a person may become a member by insuring his property, paying the premium and deposit-money, and rendering himself liable to be assessed according to the rules of the corporation. 2 Mass. R. 315.

ADMISSIONS, in evidence. Concessions by a party of the existence of certain facts. The term admission is usually applied to civil transactions, and to matters of fact in criminal cases, where there is no criminal intent the term confession, (q. v.) is generally considered as an admission of guilt.

2. An admission is the testimony which the party admitting bears to the truth of a fact against himself. It is a voluntary act,which he acknowledges as true the fact in dispute. [An admission and consent are, in fact, one and the same thing, unless indeed for more exactness we say, that consent is given to a present fact or agreement, and admission has reference to au agreement or a fact anterior for properly speaking, it is not the admission which forms a contract, obligation or engagement, against the party admitting. The admission is, by its nature, only the proof of a pre-existing obligation, resulting from the agreement or the fact, the truth of which is acknowledged. There is still another remarkable difference between admission and consent: the first is always free in its origin, the latter, always morally forced. I may refuse to consent to a proposition made to me, abstain from a fact or an action which would subject me to an obligation ; but once my consent is given, or the action committed, I am no longer at liberty to deny or refuse either; I am constrained to admit, under the penalty of dis-honor and infamy. But notwithstanding all these differences, admission is identified with consent, and they are both the manifestation of the will. These admissions are generally evidence of those facts, when the admissions themselves are proved.]

3. The admissibility and effect of evidence of this description will be considered generally, with respect to the nature and manner, of the admission itself and, secondly, with respect to the parties to be affected by it.

4. In the first place, as to the nature and manner of the admission; it is either made with a view to evidence; or, with a view to induce others to act upon the representation; or, it is an unconnected or casual representation.

5. - 1. As an instance of admission made with a view to evidence may be mentioned the case where a party has solemnly admitted a fact under his hand and seal, in which case he is, estopped, not only from disputing the deed itself, but every fact which it recites. B. N. P. 298; 1 Salk. 186; Com. Dig. Estoppel, B 5; Stark. Ev. pt. 4, p. 3 1.

6. - 2. Instances of thing second class of admissions which have induced others to act upon them are those where a man has cohabited with a woman, and treated her in the front of the world as his wife, 2 Esp. 637; or where he. has held himself out to the world in a particular character; Ib. 1 Camp. 245 ; he cannot in the one case deny her to be his Wife when sued by a creditor who has supplied her with goods as such, nor in the other can he divest himself of the character be has assumed.

7. - 3. Where the admission or declaration is not direct to the question pending, although admissible, it is not in general conclusive evidence; and though a party may by falsifying his former declaration, show that he has acted illegally andimmorally, yet if he is not guilty of any breach of good faith in the existing transaction, and has not induced others, to act upon his admission or declaration, nor derived any benefit from it against his adversary, be is not bound by it. The evidence in such cases is merely presumptive, and liable to be rebutted.

8. Secondly, with respect to the parties to be affected by it. 1. By a party to a suit, 1 Phil. Ev. 74; 7 T. R. 563; 1 Dall. 65. The admissions of the party really interested, although he is no party to the suit, are evidence. 1 Wils. 257.

9. - 2. The admissions of a partner during the existence of a partnership, are evidence against both. 1 Taunt. 104; Peake's C. 203 1 Stark. C. 81. See 10 Johns. R. 66 Ib. 216; 1 M. & Selw. 249. As to admissions made after the dissolution. of the partnership, see 3 Johns. R. 536; 15 Johns. R. 424 1 Marsh. (Kentucky) R. 189. According to the English decisions, it seems, the admissions of one partner, after the dissolution, have been holden to bind the other partner; this rule has been partially changed by act of parliament. Colly. on Part. 282; Stat. 9 Geo. IV. c. 14, (May 9, 1828.) In the Supreme Court of the United States, a rule, the reverse of the English, has been adopted, mainly on the ground, that the admission is a new contract or promise, springing out of, ana supported by the original consideration. 1 Pet. R. 351; 2 M'Lean, 87. The state courts have varied in their decisions some have adopted the English rule; and, in others it has been overruled. 2 Bouv. Inst. ii. 1517; Story, Partn. §324; 3 Kent, Com. Lect. 43, p. 49, 4th ed.; 17 S. & R. 126; 15 Johns. R. 409; 9 Cowen, R. 422; 4 Paige, R. 17; 11 Pick. R. 400; 7 Yerg. R. 534.

10. - 3. By one of several persons who have a community of interest. Stark, Ev. pt. 4, p. 47; 3 Serg. & R. 9.

11. - 4. By an agent, 1 Phil. Ev. 77-82 3 Paley Ag. 203-207. -

12. - 5. By an attorney, 4 Camp. 133; by wife, Paley, Ag. 139, n. 2 Whart. Dig. tit. Evidence, 0 7 T. R. 112 ; Nott & M'C. 374.

13. Admissions are express or implied. An express admission is one made in direct terms. An admission may be implied from the silence of the party, and may be presumed. As for instance, when the existence of the debt, or of the particular right, has been asserted in his presence, and he has not contradicted it. And an aquiescence and endurance, when acts are done by another, which if wrongfully done, are encroachments, and call for resistance and opposition, are evidence, as a tacit admission that such acts could not be legally resisted. See 2 Stark. C. 471. See, generally, Stark. Ev. part 4, tit. Admissions; 1 Phil. Ev. part 1, c. 5, s . 4; 1 Greenl. Ev. §169-212; 2 Evans' Pothier, 319; 8 East, 549, ii. 1; Com. Dig. Testemoigne, Addenda, vol. 7, p. 434; Vin. Abr. Evidence, A, b. 2, A, b. 23 Ib. Confessions; this Dict. tit. Confessions, Examination; Bac. Abr. Evidence L.; Toullier, Droit, Civil Francais, tome 10, p. 375, 450; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 3073.

ADMISSIONS, of attorneys and counsellors. To entitle counsellors and attorneys to practice in court, they must be admitted by the court to practice there. Different statutes and rules have been made to regulate their admission; they generally require a previous qualification by study under the direction of some practicing counsellor or attorney. See 1 Troub. & Haly's Pr. 18; 1 Arch. Pr. 16; Blake's Pr. 30.

ADMISSIONS. in pleading. Where one party means to take advantage of, or rely upon some matter alleged by his adversary, and to make it part of his case, he ought to admit such matter in his own pleadings; as if either party states the title under which his adversary claims, in which instances it ,is directly opposite in its nature to a protestation. See Prote stando. But where the party wishes to prevent the application of his pleading to some matter contained in the pleading of his adversary, and therefore makes an express admission of such matter (which is sometimes the case,) in order to exclude it from the issue taken or the like, it is somewhat similar in operation and effect, to a protestation.

2. The usual mode of making an express admission in pleading, is, after saying that the plaintiff ought not to have or maintain his action, &c., to proceed thus, " Because he says that although it be true that" &c. repeating such of the allegations of the adverse party as are meant to be admitted. Express admissions are only matters of fact alleged in the pleadings; it never being necessary expressly to admit their legal sufficiency, which is always taken for granted, unless some objection be made to them. Lawes' Civ. Pl. 143, 144. See 1 Chit PI. 600; Arcbb. Civ. PI. 215.

3. In chancery pleadings, admissions are said to be plenary and partial. They are plenary by force of terms not only when the answer runs in this form, "the defendant admits it to be true," but also when he simply asserts, and generally speaking, when be says, that "he has been informed, and believes it to be true," without adding a qualification such as, "that he does not know it of his own knowledge to be so, and therefore does not admit the same." Partial admissions are those which are delivered in terms of uncertainty, mixed up as they frequently are, with explanatory or qualifying circumstances.

ADMISSIONS, in practice, It, frequently occurs in practice, that in order to save expenses as to mere formal proofs, the attorneys on each side consent to admit, reciprocally, certain facts in the cause without calling for proof of them.

2. These are usually reduced to writing, and the, attorneys shortly, add to this effect, namely, " We agree that the above facts shall on the trial of this cause be admitted, and taken as proved on each side;" and signing two copies now called, "admissions " in the cause, each attorney takes one. Gresl. Eq. Ev. c. 2, p. 38.

ADMITTANCE, Eng. law. The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate, as livery of seisin is of a freehold; it is of three kinds, namely uponavoluntary

grant by the lord) upon a surrender by the former tenant and upon descent.

ADMIITENDO IN SOCIUM. Eng. law. A writ associating certain persons to justices of assize.

ADMONITION. A reprimamd from a judge to a person accused, on being discharged, warning him of the consequences of his conduct, and intimating to him, that should he be guilty of the same fault for which he has been admonished, he will be punished with greater severity. Merlin, Repert. h. t.

2. The admonition was authorized by the civil law, as a species of punishment for slight misdemeanors. Vide Reprimand

ADNEPOS. A term employed by the Romans to designate male descendants in the fifth degree, in a direct line. This term is used in making genealogical tables.

ADOLESCENCE, persons. That age which follows puberty and precedes the age of majority; it commences for males at fourteen, and for females at twelve years completed, and continues till twenty-one years complete.

ADOPTION, civil law. The act by which a person chooses another from a strange family, to have all the rights of his own child. Merl. Repert. h. t.; Dig. 1, 7, 15, 1; and see Arrogation. By art. 232, of the civil code of Louisiana, it is abolished in that state. It never was in use in any other of the United States.

ADROGATION, civil law. The adoption of one who was impubes, that is, if a male, under fourteen years of age; if a female, under twelve. Dig. 1, 7, 17, 1.

ADULT, in the civil law. An infant who, if a boy, has attained his full age of fourteen years, and if a girl, her full age of twelve. Domat, Liv. Prel. t. 2, s. 2, n. 8. In the common law an adult is considered one of full age. 1 Swanst. R. 553.

ADULTERATION. This term denotes the act of mixing something impure with something pure, as, to mix an inferior liquor with wino; au inferior article with coffee, tea,.and the like.

ADULTERINE. A term used in the civil law to denote the issue of an adulter- ous intercourse. See Nicholas on Adulterine Bastardy.

ADULTERIUM. In the old records this word does not signify the offence of adultery, but the fine imposed for its commission. Barr. on the Stat. 62, note.

ADULTERY, criminal law. From ad and alter, another person; a criminal conversation, between a man married to another woman, and a woman married to another man, or a married and unmarriod person. The married person is guilty of adultery, the unmarried of fornicatiou. (q. v.) 1 Yeates, 6; 2 Dall. 124; but see 2 Blackf. 318.

2. The elements of this crime are, 1st, that there shall be an unlawful carnal connexion; 2dly, that the guilty party shall at the time be married; 3dly, that he or she shall willingly commit the offence; for a woman who has been ravished against her will is not guilty of adultery. Domat, Supp. du Droit Public, liv. 3, t. 10, n. 13.

3. The punishment of adultery, in the United States, generally, is fine and imprisonment.

4. In England it is left to the feeble hands of the ecclesiastical courts to punish this offence.

5. Adultery in one of the married persons is good cause for obtaining a divorce by the innocent partner. See 1 Pick. 136; 8 Pick. 433; 9 Mass. 492: 14 Pick. 518; 7 Greenl. 57; 8 Greenl. 75; 7 Conn. 267 10 Conn. 372; 6 Verm. 311; 2 Fairf. 391 4 S. & R. 449; 5 Rand. 634; 6 Rand. 627; 8 S. & R. 159; 2 Yeates, 278, 466; 4 N. H. Rep. 501; 5 Day, 149; 2 N. & M. 167.

6. As to proof of adultery, see 2 Greenl. §40, Marriage.

ADVANCEMENT. That which is given by a father to his child or presumptive heir, by anticipation of whathe might inherit. 6 Watts, R. 87; 17 Mass. R. 358; 16 Mass. R. 200; 4 S. & R. 333; 11 John. R. 91; Wright, R. 339. See also Coop Just. 515, 575; 1 Tho. Co. Lit. 835, 6; 3 Do. 345, 348; Toll. 301; 5 Vez. 721; 2 Rob. on Wills, 128; Wash. C. C. Rep. 225; 4 S. & R. 333; 1 S. & R. 312; 3 Conn. Rep. 31; and post Collatio bonorum.

2. To constitute an advancement by the law of England, the gift must be made by the father and not by another, not even by the mother. 2 P. Wms. 856. In Pennsylvania a gift of real or personal estate by the father or mother may be an advancement. 1 S. & R. 427; Act 19 April 1794, §9; Act 8 April, 1833, §16. There are in the statute laws of the several states provisions relative to real and personal estates, similar in most respects to those which exist in the English statute of distribution, concerning an advancement to a child. If any child of the intestate has been advanced by him by settlement, either out of the real or personal estate, or both, equal or superior to the amount in value of the share of such child which would be due from the real and personal estate, if no such advancementhad been made, then such child and his descendants, are excluded from any share in the real or personal estate of the intestate.

3. But if the advancement be not equal, then such child, and in case of his death, his descendants, are entitled to receive, from the real and personal estate, sufficient to make up the deficiency, and no more.

4. The advancement, is either express or implied. As to what is an implied advancement, see 2 Fonb. Eq. 121; 1 Supp. to Ves. Jr. 84; 2 lb. 57; 1 Vern. by Raithby, 88, 108, 216; 5 Ves. 421; Bac. Ab. h. t.; 4 Kent, Com. 173.

5. A debt due by a child to his father differs from an advancement. In case of a debt, the money due may be recovered by action for the use of the estate, whether any other property be left by the deceased or not; whereas, an advancement merely bars the child's right to receive any part of his father's estate, unless he brings into hotch pot the property advanced. 17 Mass. R. 93, 359. See, generally, 17 Mass. R. 81, 356; 4 Pick. R. 21; 4 Mass. R. 680; 8 Mass. R. 143; 10. Mass. R. 437; 5 Pick. R. 527; 7 Conn. R. 1; 6 Conn. R. 355; 5 Paige's R. 318; 6 Watts' R. 86, 254, 309; 2 Yerg. R. 135; 3 Yerg. R. 95; Bac. Ab. Trusts, D; Math. on Pres. 59; 5 Hayw. 137; 11 John. 91; l Swanst. 13; 1 Ch. Cas. 58; 3 Conn. 31; 15 Ves. 43, 50; U. S. Dig. h. t.; 6 Whart. 370; 4 S. & R. 333; 4 Whart. 130, 540; 5 Watts, 9; 1 Watts & Serg. 390; 10 Watts, R. 158; 5 Rawle, 213; 5 Watts, 9, 80; 6 Watts & Serg. 203. The law of France in respect to advancements is stated at length in Morl. Rep. de Jurisp. Rapport a succession.

ADVANCES, contracts. Said to take place when, a factor or agent pays to his principal , a sum of, money on the credit of goods belonging to the principal, which are placed, or are to be placed, in the possession of the factor or agent, in order to reimburse himself out of the proceeds of the sale. In such case the factor or agent has a lien to the amount of his claim. Cowp. R. 251; 2 Burr. R. 931; Liverm. on Ag. 38; Journ. of Law, 146.

2. The agent or factor has a right not only to advances made to the owner -of goods, but also for expenses and dishursements made in the course of his agency, out of his own moneys, on account of, or for the benefit of his principal; such as incidental charges forwarehouse-room, duties, freight, general average, salvage, repairs, journeys, and all other acts done to preserve the property of the principal, and to enable the agent to accomplish the objects of the principal, are to be paid fully by the latter. Story on Bailm. 197; Story on Ag. §335.

3. The advances, expenses and dishursements of the agent must, however, have been made in good faith, without any default on his part Liv. on Ag. 14-16; Smith on Merc. 56 Paley on Ag. by Lloyd, 109; 6 East, R. 392; 2 Bouv. list. n. 1340.

4. When the advances and dishursements have been properly made, the agent is entitled not only to the return of the money so advanced, but to interest upon such advances and dishursements, whenever from the nature of the business, or the usage of trade, or the particular agreement of the parties, it may be fairly presumed to be stipulated for, or due to the agent. 7 Wend. R. 315; 3 Binn. R. 295; 3 Caines' R. 226; 1 H. Bl. 303; 3 Camp. R. 467 15 East, R. 223; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1341. This just rule coincides with the civil law on this subject. Dig. 17, 1, 12, 9; Poth. Pand. lib. 17, t. 1, n. 74.

ADVENTITIOUS, adventitius. From advenio; what comes incidentally; us adventitia bona, goods that, fall to a man otherwise than by inheritance; or adventitia dos, a dowry or portion given by some other friend beside the parent.

ADVENTURE, bill of. A writing signed by a merchant, to testify that the goods shipped on board a certain vessel are at the venture of another person, he himself being answerable only for the produce. Techn. Dict.

ADVENTURE, crim. law. See Misadventure.

ADVENTURE, mer. law. Goods sent abroad under the care of a supercargo, to be disposed of to the best advantage for the benefit of his employers, is called an adventure.

ADVERSARY. One who is a party in a writ or action opposed to the other party.

ADVERSE POSSESSION, title to lands. The enjoyment of land, or such estate as lies in grant, under such circumstances as indicate that such enjoyment has been commenced and contiuued, under an assertion or color of right on the part of the possessor. 3 East, R. 394; 1 Pick. Rep. 466; 1 Dall. R. 67; 2 Serg. & Rawle, 527; 10 Watts R, 289; 8 Con R. 440; 3 Penn. 132; 2 Aik. 364; 2 Watts, 23; 9, John. 174; 18 John. 40, 355; 5 Pet. 402; 4 Bibb, 550. Actual possession is a pedis possessio which can be only of ground enclosed, and only such possession can a wrongdoer have. He can have no constructive possession. 7 Serg. & R. 192; 3 Id. 517; 2 Wash. C. Rep. 478, 479.

2. When the possession or enjoyment has been adverse for twenty years, of which the jury are to judge from the circumstances the law raises the presumption of a grant. Ang. on Wat. Courses, 85, et seq. But this presumption arises only when the use or occupation would otherwise have been unlawful. 3 Greenl. R. 120; 6 Binn. R. 416; 6 Cowen, R. 617, 677; Cowen, R. 589; 4 S. & R. 456. See 2 Smith's Lead. Cas. 307-416.

3. There are four general rules by which it may be ascertained that possession is not adverse; these will be separately considered.

4.- 1. When both parties claim under the same title; as, if a man seised of certain land in fee, have issue two sons and die seised, and one of the sons enter by abatement into the land, the statute, of limitations will not operate against the other son; for when the abator entered into the land of his father, before entry made by his brother, the law intends that he entered claiming as heir to his father, by which title the other son also claims. Co. Litt s. 396.

5. - 2. When the possession of the one party is consistent with the title of the other; as, where, the rents of a trust state were received by a cestui que trust for more than twenty years after the creation of the trust, without any interference, of the trustee, such ppssession being consistent with and secured to the cestui qwe trust by the terms of the deed, the receipt was held not to be adverse to the title of the trustee. 8 East. 248.

6. - 3. When, in contemplation of law, the claimant has never been out of possession; as, where Paul devised lands to John and his heirs, and died, and John died, and afterwards the heirs of John and a stranger entered, and took the profits for twenty years; upon ejectment brought by the devisee of the heir of John against the stranger, it was held that the perception of the rents and profits by the stranger was not adverse to the devisee's title; for when two men are in possession, the law adjudges it to be the possession of him who has the right. Lord Raym. 329.

7. - 4. When the occupier has acknowledged the claimant's titles; as, if a lease be granted for a term, and, after paying the rent for the land during such term, the tenant hold for twenty years without paying rent, his possession will not be adverse. See Bos. & P. 542; 8 B. & Cr. 717; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2193-94, 2351.

ADVERTISEMENT. A 'notice' published either in handbills or in a newspaper.

2. The law in many instances requires parties to advertise in order to give notice of acts which are to be done; in these cases, the advertisement is in general equivalent to notice.

3. When an advertisement contains the terms of sale, or description of the property to be sold, it will bind the seller; and if there be a material misrepresentation, it may avoid the contract, or at least entitle the purchaser to a compensation and reduction from the agreed, price. Kapp's R. 344; 1 Chit. Pr. 295.

ADVICE, com. law. A letter containing information of any circumstances unknown to the person to whom it is written; when goods are forwarded by sea or land, the letter transmited to inform the consignee of the fact, is termed advice of goods, or letter of advice. When one merchant draws upon another, he generally advises him of the fact. These letters are intended to give notice of the facts they contain.

ADVICE, practice. The opinion given by counsel to their clients; this should never be done but upon mature deliberation to the best of the counsel's ability; and without regard to the consideration whether it will affect the client favorably or unfavorably.

ADVISEMENT. Consideration, deliberation, consultation; as the court holds the case under advisement.

ADVOCATE, civil and ecclesiastical law. 1. An officer who maintains or de fends the rights of his client in the same manner as the counsellor does in the common law.

2. Lord Advocate. An, officer of state in Scotland, appointed by the king, to advise about the making and executing the law, to prosecute capital crimes, &c.

3. College or faculty of advocates. A college consisting of 180 persons, appointed to plead in. all actions before the lords of sessions.

4. Church or ecclesiastical advocates. Pleaders appointed by the church to maintain its rights.

5. - 2. A patron who has the advowson or presentation to a church. Tech. Dict.; Ayl. Per. 53; Dane Ab. c.,31, §20. See Counsellor at law; Honorarium.

ADVOCATIA, civil law. This sometimes signifies the quality, or functions, and at other times the privilege, or the territorial jurisdiction of an advocate, See Du Cange, voce Advocatia, Advocatio.

ADVOCATION, Scotch law. A writing drawn up in the form of a petition, called a bill of advocation, by which a party in an action applies to the supreme court to advocate its cause, and to call the action out of an inferior court to itself. Letters of advocation, are the decree or warrant of the supreme court or court of sessions, discharging the inferior tribunal from all further proceedings in the matter, and advocating the action to itself. This proceeding is similar to a certiorari (q. v.) issuing out of a superior court for the removal of a cause from an inferior.

ADVOCATUS. A pleader, a narrator. Bract. 412 a, 372 b.

ADVOWSON, ecclesiastical law. From advow or advocare, a right of presentation to a church or benefice. He who possesses this right is called the patron or advocate, (q. v.) when there is no patron, or he neglects to exercise his right within six months, it is called a lapse, i. e. a title is given to the ordinary to collate to a church; when a presentation is made by one who has no right it is called a usurpation.

2. Advowsons are of different kinds, as Advowson appendant, when it depends upon a manor, &c. - Advowson in gross, when it belongs to a person and not to a manor. - Advowson presentative, where the patron presents to the bishop. - Advowson donative, where the king or patron puts the clerk into possession without presentation. - Advowson of the moiety of the church, where there are two several patrons and two incumbents in the same churcb. - A moiety of advowson, where two must join the presentation, of one incumbent. - Advowson of religious houses, that whicb is vested in the person who founded such a house. Techn. Dict.; 2 Bl. Com. 21; Mirehouse on Advowsons; Com. Dig. Advowson, Quare Impedit; Bac. Ab. Simony; Burn's Eccl. Law, h. t.; Cruise's Dig. Index, h. t.

AFFECTION, contracts. The making over, pawning, or mortgaging a thing to assurp the payment of a sum of money, or the discharge of some other duty or service. Techn. Diet.

AFFEERERS, English law. Those who upon oath settle and moderate fines in courts leet. Hawk. 1. 2, c. 112.

TO AFFERE, English law. Signifies either "to affere an amercement," i. e. to mitigate the rigor of a fine; or "to affere an account," that is, to confirm it on oath in the exchequer.

AFFIANCE, contracts. From affidare or dare fidem, to give a pledge. A plighting of troth between a man and woman. Litt. s. 39. Pothier, Traite du Mariage, n. 24, defines it to be a an agreement by which a man and a woman promise each other that they will marry together. This word is used by some authors as synonymous with marriage. Co. Litt. 34, a, note 2. See Dig. 23, 1 Code 5, 1, 4; Extrav. 4, 1.

AFFIDARE. To plight one's faith, or give fealty, i. e. fidelity by making oath, &c. Cunn. Dict. h. t.

AFFIDATIO DOMINORUM, Eng. law. An oath taken by a lord in parliament.

AFFIDAVIT, practice. An oath or affirmation reduced to writing, sworn or affirmed to before some officer who has authority to administer it. It differs from a deposition in this, that in the latter the opposite party has had an opportunity to cross-examine the witness, whereas an affidavit is always taken ex parte. Gresl. Eq. Ev. 413. Vide Harr. Dig. h. t.

2. Affidavit to hold to bail, is in many cases required before the defendant can be arrested; such affidavit must be made by a person who is acquainted with the fact, and must state, 1st, an indebtedness from the defendant to the plaintiff; 2dly, show a distinct cause of action; 3dly, the whole must be clearly and certainly, expressed. Sell. Pr. 104; 1 Chit. R. 165; S. C. 18 Com. Law, R. 59 note; Id. 99.

3. An affidavit of defence, is made by a defendant or a person knowing the facts, in which must be stated a positive ground of defence on the merits. 1 Ashm. R. 4, 19, n. It has been decided that when a writ of summons has been served upon three defendants, and only one appears, a judgment for want of an affidavit of defence may be rendered against au. 8 Watts, R. 367. Vide Bac. Ab. h. t.

AFFINITAS AFFINITATIS. That connexion between two persons which has neither consanguinity nor affinity; as, the connexion between the hushand's brother and the wife's sister. This connexion is formed not between the parties themselves, nor between one of spouses and the kinsmen of the other, but between the kinsmen of both. Ersk. Inst. B, 1, tit. 6, s. 8.

AFFINITY. A connexion formed by marriage, which places the hushand in the same degree of nominal propinquity to the relations of the wife, as that in which she herself stands towards them, and gives to the wife the same reciprocal connexion with the relations of the hushand. It is used in contradistinction to consanguinity. (q. v.) It is no real kindred.

2. Affinity or alliance is very different from kindred. Kindred are relations. by blood; affinity is the tie which exists between one of the spouses with the kindred of the other; thus, the relations, of my wife, her brothers, her sisters, her uncles, are allied to me by affinity, and my brothers, sistors, &c., are allied in the same way to my wife. But my brother and the sister of my wife are not allied by the ties of affinity: This will appear by the following paradigms

My wife's father	---|

|	|

|	|

-----------------|	|

|	|	|-- are all allied to me.

Ego ----- My Wife	0 My wife's sister	---|

|	|

0 My wife's niece	---|

My wife's father,	---|

My Father	|	|My brother

|	|	|and my wife's

|	|	|sister are

|---------------| |----------|	|not allied

|	| |	|	|to each other

My brother	Ego ---- My wife, My wife's sister,	|

3. A person cannot, by legal succession, receive an inheritance from a relation by affinity; neither does it extend to the nearest relations of hushand and wife, so as to create a mutual relation between them. The degrees of affinity are computed in the same way as those of consanguinity. See Pothier, Traite du Mariage, part 3, ch. 3, art. 2, and see 5 M. R. 296; Inst. 1, 10, 6; Dig. 38, 10, 4, 3; 1 Phillim. R. 210; S. C. 1 Eng. Eccl. R. 72; article Marriage.

TO AFFIRM, practice. 1. To ratify or confirm a former law or judgment, as when the supreme court affirms the judgment of the court of common pleas. 2. To make an affirmation, or to testify under an affirmation.

AFFIRMANCE. The confirmation of a voidable act; as, for example, when an infant enters into a contract, which is not binding upon him, if, after attaining his full age, he gives his affirmance to it, he will thereafter be bound, as if it had been made when of full age. 10 N. H. Rep. 194.

2. To be binding upon the infant, the affirmance must be made after arriving of age, with a full knowledge that it would be void without such confirmation. 11 S. & R. 305.

3. An affirmance may be express, that is, where the party declares his determination of fulfilling the contract; but a more acknowledgment is not sufficient. Dudl. R, 203. Or it may be implied, as, for example, where an infant mortgaged his land and, at full age, conveyed it, subject to the mortgage. 15 Mass. 220. See 10 N. H. Rep. 561.

AFFIRMANCE-DAY, GENERAL. In the English Court of Exchequer, is a day appointed by the judges of the common pleas, and barons of the exchequer, to be held a few days after the beginning of every term for the general affirmance or reversal of judgments. 2 Tidd. 1091.

AFFIRMANT, practice. One who makes affirmation instead of making oath that the evidence which he is about to give shall be the truth, as if he had been sworn. He is liable to all the pains and penalty of perjury, if he shall be guilty of wilfully and maliciously violating his affirmation.

AFFIRMATION, practice. A solemn declaration and asseveration, which a witness makes before an officer, competent to administer an oath in a like case, to tell the truth, as if be had been sworn.

2. In the United States, generally, all witnesses who declare themselves conscientiously scrupulous against taking a corporal oath, are permitted to make a solemn affirmation, and this in all cases, as well criminal as civil.

3. In England, laws have been enacted which partially relieve persons who, have conscientious scruples against taking an oath, and authorize them to make affirmation. In France, the laws which allow freedom of religious opinion, have received the liberal construction that all persons are to be sworn or affirmed according to the dictates of their consciences; and a quaker's affirmation has been received and held of the same effect as an oath. Merl. Quest. de Droit, mot Serment, §1.

4. The form is to this effect: "You, A B, do solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm," &c. For the violation of the truth in such case, the witness is subject to the punishment of perjury " as if he had been sworn.

5. Affirmation also means confirming; as, an affirmative statute.

AFFIRMATiVE. Averring a fact to be true; that which is opposed to negative. (q. v.)

2. It is a general rule of evidence that the affirmative of the issue must be proved. Bull. N. P. 298 ; Peake, Ev. 2.

3. But when the law requires a person to do an act, and the neglect of it, will render him guilty and punishable, the negative must be proved, because every man is presumed to do his duty and in that case they who affirm he did not, must prove it. B. N. P. 298; 1 Roll. R. 83; Comb. 57; 3 B.& P. 307; 1 Mass. R. 56.

AFFIRMATIVE PREGNANT, Pleading. An affirmative allegation, implying some negative, in favor of the adverse party, for example, if to an action of assumpsit, which is barred by the act of limitations of six years, the defendant pleads that be did not undertake &c. within ten years; a replication that he did undertake, &c. within ten years, would be an affirmative pregnant; since it would impliedly admit that the defendant had not promised within six years. As no proper issue could be tendered upon such plea the plaintiff should, for that reason, demur to it. Gould, PI. c. 6 29, 37; Steph. PI. 381; Lawes, Civ. PI. 113; Bac. Ab. Pleas, N 6.

AFFORCE, AFFORCEMENT OF THE ASSIZE, Old English law, practice. An ancient practice in trials by jury, which is explained by Bracton, (fo. 185, b. 292 a) and by the author of Fleta, lib. 4, cap. 9, §2. It consisted in adding other jurors to the panel of jurors, after the cause had been committed to them, in case they could not agree in a verdict. The author of Fleta (ubi sup) thus describes it. The oath having been administered to the jury, the (prenotarius) prothonotary, addressed them thus: "You will say upon the oath you have taken, whether such a one unjustly and without judgment disseized such a one of his freehold in such a ville within three years or not." The justices also repeat for the instruction of, the jurors the plaint of the plaintiff, &c. The jurors then retire and confer together, &c. If the jurors differ among themselves and cannot agree in one (sententiam) finding, it will be in the discretion of the judges, &c; to afforce the assize by others, provided there remain of the jurors summoned many as the major party of the dissenting jurors; or they may compel the same jurors to unanimity, viz. by directing the sheriff to keep them safely without, meat or drink until they agree. The object of adding to the panel a number equal to the major party of the dissenting jurors, was to ensure a verdict by twelve of them, if the jurors thus added to the panel should concur with the minor party of the dissenting jurors. This practice of afforcing the assize, was in reality a second trial of the cause, and was abandoned, because the courts found it would save delay and trouble by insisting upon unanimity. The practice of confining jurors without meat and drink in

order to enforce unanimity, has in more modern times also been abandoned and the more rational practice adopted of discharging the jury and summoning a new one for the trial of the cause, in cases where they cannot agree. This expedient for enforcing unanimity was probably introduced from the canon law, as we find it was resorted to on the continent, in other cases where the unanimity of a consultative or deliberative body was deemed indispensabee. See Barring. on Stats. 19, 20; 1, Fournel, Hist. des Avocats, 28, note.

TO AFFRANCHISE. To make free.

AFFRAY, criminal law. The fighting of two or more persons, in some public place, to the terror of the people.

2. To constitute this offence there must be, 1st, a fighting; 2d, the fighting must be between two or more persons; 3d, it must be in some public place ; 4th, it must be to the terror of the people.

3. It differs from a riot, it not being premeditated; for if any persons meet together upon any lawful or innocent occasion, and happen on a sudden to engage in fighting, they are not guilty of a riot but an affray only; and in that case none are guilty except those actually engaged in it. Hawk. b. 1, c. 65, s. 3 ; 4 Bl. Com. 146; 1 Russell, 271.

AFFREIGHTMEET, Com. law. The contract by which a vessel or the use of it, is let out to hire. See Freight; General ship.

AFORESAID. Before mentioned; already spoken of. This is used for the purpose of identifying a person or thing; as where Peter, of the city of Philadelphia, has been mentioned; when it is necessary to speak of him, it is only requisite to say Peter aforesaid, and if the city of Philadelphia, it may be done as the city of Philadelphia, aforesaid.

AFORETHOUGHT, crim. law. Premeditated, prepense; the length of time during which the accused has entertained the thought of committing the offence is not very material, provided he has in fact entertained such thought; he is thereby rendered criminal in a greater degree than if he had committed the offence without. premeditation. Vide Malice; aforethought; Premeditation 2 Chit. Cr. 785; 4 Bl. Com. 199; Fost. 132, 291, 292; Cro. Car. 131; Palm. 545; W. Jones, 198; 4 Dall. R. 146; 1 P. A. Bro. App. xviii.; Addis. R. 148; 1 Ashm. R. 289.

AFTERMATH. A right to have the last crop of grass or pasturage. 1 Chit. Pr. 181.

AGAINST THE FORM OF THE STATUTE. When a statute prohibits a thing to be done, and an action is brought for the breach of the statute, the declaration or indictment must conclude against the form of the statute. See Contra formam statuti.